1. Katrina Strese

2.  Read Darwin’s On the Origin of Species  Began analyzing mental abilities and went into three-year nervous breakdown  Wrote Hereditary Genius  Analyzed family trees of distinguished men to see if their relatives were also successful  Believed this proved that ability is inherited

3.  Believed that social class determined your worth  Decides he wants to apply natural selection to human breeding

4.  Greek roots for “well” and “born”  It was hard to recognize people with talent while they were young  Needed an exam to figure it out

5.  Those who score well should be encouraged to marry and given respect in society  Young women should be tested for grace, beauty, health, temper, housewifery, and intelligence  Young men should be paired with these well scoring women  If they chose to marry, they would be presented £5,000 and their children’s education would be discounted

6.  Set up a booth at a health exhibition and paid people to come in to get tested  Measured their height and middle finger  Tested hearing, ability to throw a punch, power to breath, and power to pull and squeeze  Believed measurements of physical ability showed who had natural talent  Tested about 9,000 people this way

7.  Galton believed that when people learned that talent was inherited, they would voluntarily stop having kids  People should only be given respect if they don’t reproduce  If they did have children, then they would become “enemies to the state” and wouldn’t be treated well

8.  Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created a test in 1905 to test the “general intelligence” of children based on their age  First test was on concentration  Second test was to name things and repeat back to examiners  Third part was to describe differences, draw designs, and rank items

9.  Used Binet tests on students at Training School for Feeble-Minded in New Jersey  Compared results of tests to descriptions from teachers  Idiot= Performs worse than average 2 year old  Imbecile= Between mental ages of 3 and 7  Moron= Between mental ages of 8 and 12  *Felt that “fool” was too harsh of a word

10.  Around this same time, people feared that the feeble-minded were more likely to commit crimes and be social burdens  Goddard made people believe that parents passed down the genes for feeblemindedness  People wanted them separated from society and prevented from reproducing

11.  Employed Elizabeth Kite who ‘studied’ 480 of Deborah Kallikak’s relatives  Met with family members and based judgements off of social interaction  Judged deceased relatives off of family memories, reputation, and in one case on the condition of furniture  Goddard signed off on this methodology

12.  143 are feebleminded  36 illegitimate kids, 33 prostitutes, 3 epileptics, 82 dead infants, 3 criminals, 8 “kept houses of ill fame”  Only 46 normal people  The feebleminded had married into other families and exposed 1,146 others to the “destructive feebleminded gene”  Published results in book without telling methodology

13.  Congress gave U.S. Public Health Service a list of types of people to exclude from America  Lunatics, idiots, insane, epileptics, beggars, anarchists, diseased, imbeciles, feeble-minded and those with physical defects that might affect their ability to make a living  Doctors walked through lines and had seconds to spot people

14.  Binet-style questions  Define justice, pity, truth, happiness  Count backward from 20  Tell time  Changed to “cube imitation” and jig-saw puzzle  1908: 186 out of 600,000 deemed feebleminded  After tests change in 1914: 1,077 out of 800,000 deemed feebleminded  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaUK8V-5dBk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaUK8V-5dBk

15.  Alpha= Written exam for literates  Test vocabulary  Unscramble sentences  Remember number sequences  Beta= Picture exam for illiterate and non- English speaking  Maze test  Shape matching  Finish pictures missing key element  Ex. Add steam coming out of a tea kettle

16.  March 1917, U.S. Army had 190,000 men  November 1918, swelled to 3.6 million men  Signed Robert Yerkes, a psychologist, to testing program in August 1917  Administered test and had officers rank soldiers based on their own opinion  Compared test results to opinions and found that they correlated  Believed this suggested that intelligence is the most important factor in determining men’s value in the service

17.  Her father was dead and her mother was poor and uneducated  At age 3 she was sent to live with foster parents  Her foster parents, the Dobbs, left town one summer, and their nephew raped her at age 17  She became pregnant from the rape  The Dobbs wanted to cover up for their nephew, so they went to the courts saying she was epileptic and feeble-minded

18.  The Dobbs lied about her conditions and she was sent to the State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded in Virginia where her mother was already incarcerated  Superintendent, Albert Priddy, wanted to have sterilization of inmates legalized  His friend, Aubrey Strode, drafted the law and got it passed through the House

19.  Priddy wanted to test the laws and make sure they were official  Decided that Carrie Buck was the perfect candidate  Set it up so that Buck would “sue” the colony for sterilizing her  Strode represented the colony  Hired their friend, Whitehead, to “represent” Buck. However, he did not defend her at all

20.  Went up to supreme court, who agreed that this was legal  By 1932, twenty seven states had sterilization programs  About 60,000 people were sterilized  Decision influenced some European countries to sterilize as well

21.  Arnold Gesell was from Alma and graduated from UW-Madison where he studied psychology  Believed that ¼ of Alma’s 1,000 residents were “heredity defectives”  Advocated for the town to be sterilized  He manipulated his evidence and used photos to make the town look worse than it was  Published an article that became famous

22.  Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases in 1933  Feeble-Minded  Schizophrenic  Manic-Depression  Epilepsy  Huntington’s chorea  Blind  Deaf  Physical deformities  Alcoholism

23.  388,000 sterilization cases  Majority were for feeble-minded, which required IQ test  IQ tests were not scientific  What does Christmas signify?  Who discovered America?  What would you do if you won the lottery?

24.  Eventually turned sterilization into killing the ‘genetically unworthy’  Killed 200,000 Germans, majority based on the IQ tests showing feeble-mindedness

26.  Derives from the IQ tests, but without the physical performance problems  Relies strongly on verbal and mathematical skills  University of California found that SAT predicts freshman student’s scores about 13%  Power to predict scores gets worse as they become upperclassmen  High school grades are better predictors of college grades

27.  California’s sterilization laws were in place for 70 years  An OB at the Los Angeles County hospital believed in population control, so immediately after labor he coerced people into tubal litigation

28.  Women were falsely mislead to agree  Signed consent when in distress  Some didn’t even give consent  Were told that husbands already signed form  10 women filed a lawsuit in 1978  Law was finally repealed in 1979

29.  Between 2006 and 2010, at least 148 women were illegally sterilized  Did not get state authorization  State reviews cases and makes sure that the sterilization is consensual  Were considered “social undesirables” because they are prison inmates, and they didn’t want them reproducing

30.  Do standardized tests accurately measure students’ abilities? Should we continue using them to decide students’ placement?  Some states allow shorter prison sentences to inmates who agree to sterilization. Is this ethical and should we allow it?