1. Byzantium 330-1453

2. Ethelbert of Kent §Married Christian Bertha of the Franks §Converted to Christianity after arrival of Augustine in 597 §Bretwalda §Produced first vernacular legal code in England

3. Seventh century Anglo-Saxon Warrior King

5. Based on Beowulf and the laws of Aethelberht, how would you describe Germanic society and culture? How did the laws of Aethelberht resemble the laws of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables? How did they differ from those laws?

6. How does the Beowulf poem refer to Hrothgar, King of the Danes? A.As the grey haired treasure giver B.As the ring bearer C.As the protector of the Shieldings D.As the King of Bright-Danes E.The home land’s guardian

8. How does the poem treat women? How do the laws of Aethelberht refer to women?

9. Based on the poem and the laws, which of the following was not characteristic of Germanic society around 600 CE? A.It was dominated by warriors B.It was patriarchal and misogynist C.It was ruled by kings D.It was egalitarian

10. Laws of Aethelbert c. 600

11. Ordeal by Fire

12. Barbarian Migrations 350-500

13. “The Empire” c. 500 CE

16. Byzantium during the Reign of Justinian

17. Hagia Sophia

18. Byzantine Architecture: Hagia Sophia

21. Greek Fire saves Constantinople in 674 CE and 718 CE

22. The Isaurian Dynasty 717-802

23. Religious Icons

24. Byzantium in the 9th Century

25. The Byzantine Golden Age (850-1050) a.k.a. Macedonian Revival

26. The First Crusade (c. 1000) increased interaction between the West & Byzantium

27. The Fourth Crusade (c. 1200) divided and weakened the Byzantine Empire

29. Macedonian Revival §Strong leaders emerge from the Isaurian dynasty during the 9 th century §Reorganized imperial administration to reflect smaller Empire l The theme system l Simplified legal code l Intricate bureaucracy – divided power

30. Golden Age Characteristics §Artistic Revival l icons l mannerist-like art with contorted faces l increased mysticism §Reorientation l Increasing separation from Latin past l Northeast replaces South as area of expansion l Conversions Bulgaria Russia

31. What Happened? §Imperial theology l alienated elites, local populations l undercut imperial prestige l Tensions with the West and the South §Exploitation l high taxes l harsh treatment §Invasions l Lombards l Arabs l Avars

32. Ecumenical Councils (325-451) §Nicaea (325) l narrowing of orthodoxy l Arians declared heretical §Chalcedon (451) l monophysites declared heretical l alienation of Palestine, Syria, and Egypt §Issues l theological l locus of power

33. Iconoclastic Controversy (717-843) §Reform of Christianity l reaction to Muslim success l based on Old Testament authority l supported in Syria and Middle East l opposed by monasteries §Isolation of “Orthodox” Christians l separation with Rome l deepens alienation of Middle East

34. Increased religious differentiation §Tonsure §Icons §Leavened bread §Filioque clause – the source of the Holy spirit l Greeks from the Father l Romans from the father and the son

35. Relations with the West §Strained over matters of religion §East viewed West as barbarians well into the High Middle Ages (1000-1350) §East fighting a losing battle with Muslims to the South from 600s until 1453 §West becomes increasingly expansionist after 1000

36. Summary of Byzantium §Increasing distinction from l Latin West l Arab/Muslim South §Development of “Orthodox” Christianity §Geographical shifting from Mediterranean to Black Sea §Gradually less urban §Continued interaction with West l trade l law, theology, learning

37. Summary §The Byzantines took enormous pride in their heritage as the successors of Rome §By the seventh century they had clearly departed from many of the ancient Roman traditions and had developed their own unique culture §A key component of the Byzantine culture emphasized stability of the polity and the majesty of the Emperors §The Fourth Crusade (1198-1203) dealt a shocking blow to Byzantine self esteem as it came under Latin rule for approximately half a century (1259)

38. Summary §Throughout the medieval period western Christendom developed an increasingly hostile rivalry with Orthodox Christianity to the East §The Byzantine Empire claimed to be the continuators of the Roman Empire §As a rival to western culture, Byzantium had a more literate civilizations with magnificent buildings and well established cultural and intellectual traditions that were more sophisticated than the intellectual traditions of the West §Nevertheless, with its more militaristic culture the West came to dominate Byzantium by the Fourth Crusade c. 1200

39. What is the religious orientation of the Geats and the Danes in Beowulf? A.Adamantly & violently pagan B.Adamantly & violently Christian C.Christian but a little pagan D.Pagan but somewhat monotheistic E.None of the above