1. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p 30 minutes This session will look at how risks from hazards are managed and can be mitigated Risk management 65 Guatemala, 2005

2. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Session objectives The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards 2.risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population 3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures !

3. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Session objectives ! The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards 2.risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population 3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures

4. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Risk is expressed by the notation HazardsxVulnerability= Risk e.g. landslidex high-risk location= damaged house Hazard: a natural or man-made event causing damage Vulnerability: the conditions which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Risk: the probability of harmful consequences Defining risk www.unisdr.org

5. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Risks must be mapped for all of the transitional settlement and reconstruction options of displaced and non-displaced populations affected by conflict and natural disaster: Displaced & non-displaced populations Displaced populations Non-displaced populations Occupancy with no legal status House tenant Apartment tenant Land tenant Apartment owner- occupier House owner-occupier Host families Urban self-settlement Rural self-settlement Collective centres Self-settled camps Planned camps

6. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster. Emergency risk assessment and management should cover the two major types of hazards: Type 1: security hazards Type 2: natural hazards Types of hazards

7. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster. Emergency risk assessment and management should cover the two major types of hazards: Type 1: security hazards Type 2: natural hazards Types of hazards

8. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by There are two basic types of security hazards: ongoing conflicts and potential conflicts Security hazards include: communal violence civil unrest conflict resources sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) wars ethnic conflicts Type 1: Security hazards Conflicts may occur in areas suffering from natural disasters

9. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Recognising security hazards There are many potential hazards particularly associated with conflicts, that all pose significant and variable levels of risk to the built environment 1.Hazards associated with low intensity conflicts vandalism and arson small arms fire, artillery and rocket fire, aerial bombardment area denial weapons e.g. mines, booby traps UXOs (Unexploded Ordinance) or MECs (Munitions and Explosives of Concern) 2.Additional hazards associated with high intensity conflicts high powered weapons: cluster munitions, depleted uranium

10. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Proximity to security threats The location of a building may mean it is particularly vulnerable to either direct or indirect damage: proximity to the front line of a conflict a building that occupies a strategically important territory may become a direct target for direct military attack UNHCR recommends that camps for refugees be set back at least 50km from any international border, following the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Convention: ‘…it is recommended that they (IDPs or refugees) be settled at a reasonable distance from international borders as well as other potentially sensitive areas such a military installations…’ Handbook for Emergencies (UNHCR, 2007) www.unhcr.org

11. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by It is important to recognize that different hazards create different types of disaster. Emergency risk assessment and management should cover the two major types of hazards: Type 1: security hazards Type 2: natural hazards Types of hazards

12. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p Type 2: Natural hazards Natural disasters are often caused by a combination of hazards, e.g. earthquakes and fires Natural disasters may occur in insecure environments Hydro- meteorological GeologicalBiological floods landslides cyclones fires earthquakes tsunamis volcanoes epidemic diseases plant or animal contagion insect plagues and extensive infestations 68

13. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by World distribution of disasters by type (1991-2005) Type 2: Natural hazards Source: EM-DAT Emergency events data-base Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters (United Nations, 2008)

14. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by p Session objectives The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards 2.risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population 3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures ! 217

15. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The objective is to develop with the participation of communities a risk map that integrates: Develop a risk map hazard assessment vulnerability assessment

16. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by 5 variables to help assess hazards: 1. frequency e.g. is there a seasonal pattern? 2. magnitude or intensity e.g. what is a ‘normal’ vs. ‘extreme’ circumstance? 3. duration e.g. how long will flood waters remain? 4. area of extent e.g. where are the high, medium and low risk areas? 5. speed of onset e.g. does the hazard occur rapidly without warning? Hazard assessment Nicaragua, 2007

17. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Example of zones of housing damage, and population movements between zones, following an earthquake The vulnerability of the affected population should be assessed and depends upon: where you arewho you are earthquake – e.g. proximity to epicentre flood – e.g. elevation cyclone – e.g. exposure fire – e.g. drought regions displaced populations low-income populations high-risk locations poor-quality buildings marginal groups Vulnerability assessment Transitional settlement and reconstruction after natural disasters (United Nations, 2008)

18. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The vulnerability of a population depends on their capacity to cope with hazards Their livelihoods assets should be taken into account: human capital - people’s existing capacities and transfer of skills from the aid community social capital - quality of relationship between beneficiaries and aid agencies natural capital - preservation of the local environment (eg. measures taken to reduce the consumption of fuel wood) physical capital - availability of materials and workforce for reconstruction financial capital - availability and timing of funds Vulnerability and livelihoods assets Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005)

19. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Risk mapping Risk mapping needs to be maintained and developed as part of a plan for risk management

20. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by The key learning objectives of this session are to form an understanding of: 1.security and natural hazards: overview of the different types of hazards 2.risk mapping: assessment of the nature of hazards and the vulnerability of the affected population 3. risk management: ways of supporting the existing risk management measures Session objectives !

21. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Traditional existing risk management mechanisms often exist for: construction sites materials community response early warning These different mechanisms need to be: identified understood supported Existing risk management Indonesia, 2005

22. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Supporting sustainable risk management mechanisms to prevent future disasters requires the involvement of all stakeholders including the population, industry and government. The role of external agencies is to support indigenous capacity and work with communities to support their efforts and build their capacities. Risk management and mitigation measures could include: regulations e.g. improved planning codes education e.g. technical inspectors and information centres incentives e.g. subsidies for safer construction Supporting risk management Guatemala, 2005

23. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Discussion Plan the steps that you would take in developing with a community a sustainable hazard map. step 1. … step 2. … step 3. … step 4. … Key point Each group agrees a key point Discussion in groups

24. Shelter Training 08b – Belgium, 16 th –18 th November, 2008 based on content developed by Bibliography ‘Handbook for Emergencies’ (UNHCR, 2007) ‘Transitional Settlement: Displaced Populations’ (Corsellis and Vitale, 2005) ‘Tools for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction’ (Benson and Twigg, 2007) www.unisdr.org www.proventionconsortium.org/CRA_toolkit