1. Goal Objective Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes) Agenda
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and your relationships with others!
Be able to explain how memory is shaped by social and cultural factors.
Be able to explain two reasons why are memory is fallable
What has been assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
What is Due?
Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes)
Agenda
Review POP
Memory Demostration
Two factors in memory
Exit Ticket:
Goal
Objective
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 1

2. Memory Experiment Why does it matter that we might misremember a word?
What experiment do we already know about misremembering? Why did people misremember? What does that mean about memory in general?
What is a good metaphor for memory?

3. Goal Objective Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes) Agenda
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and your relationships with others!
Be able to explain how memory is shaped by social and cultural factors.
Be able to explain two reasons why are memory is fallable
What has been assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
What is Due?
Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes)
Agenda
Review POP
Eyewitness Testimony
Exit Ticket:
Goal
Objective
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 3

4. You Be the Eyewitness Imagine you are at a gas station buying milk
A man walks in, threatens the employee at the counter, robs the cash register, and runs out
The entire ordeal lasts about five seconds
This is the man you saw…

6. You Be the Eyewitness
The police have asked you to help them identify the perpetrator
They will show you a set of pictures, and it is your responsibility to select the picture of the man you saw rob the gas station…

8. How Did You Do? So, which picture did you choose?
And the correct answer was... #2
Were you right?
What does this tell you about eyewitness testimony?

9. According to Research…
Studies show that the longer it takes an eyewitness to decide if the perpetrator is in a lineup, the less confident they actually are about their decision
Why?
Eyewitnesses typically take several minutes to point out the perpetrator because they often feel pressured to choose the correct one
However, if they are truly confident, they should be able to decide in under 10 seconds

10. Choosing From a Lineup
Research from Buckhout (1974) and Wells (1993) indicate that an eyewitness is more likely to falsely identify a person in a set of lineup photographs if there is anything that separates one picture from another
For example:
If one picture is larger than the others
If facial features in all the photographs are not identical

11. More Research… Malpass and Devine (1981)
Half of their participants in the staged act of vandalism were told that the perpetrator was in the lineup while the other half were told that the perpetrator may or may not be present
Results: the participants who were led to believe that the perpetrator was present felt compelled to pick someone, and more often than not, they chose an innocent person

12. Goal Objective Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes) Agenda
Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and your relationships with others!
Be able to explain how memory is shaped by social and cultural factors.
Be able to explain two reasons why are memory is fallable
What has been assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
What is Due?
Entry Task: Presentation of POPs (8 minutes)
Agenda
Review POP
Eyewitness Testimony
Exit Ticket:
Goal
Objective
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 12

13. To what extent is one cognitive process reliable?
POP 5
To what extent is one cognitive process reliable?

14. Lesson objectives Understand what is meant by EWT
Investigate the effects of misleading information on the accuracy of EWT
Consider the impact of misleading information on EWT

15. How does it relate to memory?
What is EWT?
How does it relate to memory?
How accurate do you think it is?

16. What is Eye Witness Testimony?
Eye Witness Testimony is the evidence given in court, or in police investigations by someone who has witnessed a crime or an accident

17. Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and your relationships with others!
Understand what is meant by EWT
Understand the problems with EWT
Understand the +/- of the research supporting it.
What has been assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
What is Due?
Entry Task: Describe one principle of the cognitive LOA? (10 minutes)
Agenda
Eye witness
Exit Ticket:
Goal
Objective
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 17

18. What Makes Memories Inaccurate?
With someone sitting next to you, I’d like you to do some brainstorming…
Think about a situation in which you observe a crime (let’s say, in this case, a robbery)
If you were asked a few days later to recall everything that you saw, including what the perpetrator looked like, what he/she was wearing, etc., what sorts of factors would affect your memory?

19. Some Possible Explanations
Poor lighting
Distance in viewing
Short exposure
Something covering the perpetrator’s face (i.e., a mask)
Heightened stress and anxiety levels
Presence of a weapon
The own-race bias (the tendency for people to recognize faces of their own race more accurately than faces of other races)

20. Schema and Memory What will you remember about the past Super bowl?
We tend to ignore aspects that do not fit our schema
2. We remember the gist of conversations rather than exact words.
3. We want to Make sense of what we have seen
4. We distort events to fit prior expectations.
Schema and Memory

21. Stress, the Brain and Memory
Schema leads to false memory Now…
Robert Saplosky (2004) believes stress hormones can damage memory consolidation.
“Short-term stressors of mild to moderate severity enhance cognition, while prolonged stressors are disruptive.”

22. Be able to articulate the problems with eyewitness testimony
Be able to explain why these problems occur.
Be able to use three studies to support your claim
What has been assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Finish Eye Witness Testimony on Tuesday/ Wednesday
Test on POPs 3-5 on Thursday
What is Due?
Entry Task: What is the aim, procedure and findings of the following studies. You will be assigned one and will put it on one of the white boards. (Wilhelm, Semels, Cole and Scribner, Glantzer and Cuntz) Anderson and Prichert, Bartlett and Brewer and Treyens
Agenda
Memory test
Finish the video on the case of Ronald Cotton
Loaded questions
Organize the research
Exit Ticket: What are the problems with eyewitness testimony? Why do these problems occur?
Learner
Outcomes
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 22

23. Learning as it happens in the brain.
What parts of the brain are used for learning? =
Neurotransmitters
(Glutamate)
Neural
networks
Learning
Cortex &
Hippocampus

24. When stress hormones are added…
Add epinephrine: called glucocorticoids- some better
Too Many and … =
Neurotransmitters
(Glutamate)
Neural
networks
Learning
Cortex &
Hippocampus

25. “Juries and police place great reliance on EWT” Kebbel & Milne (1998)
Eye Witness Testimony is probably the most valuable application of memory, to our everyday life
“Juries and police place great reliance on EWT” Kebbel & Milne (1998)
However, there’s lots of research evidence to suggest that faith in accuracy in EWT is misplaced.

26. Fruzzetti et al (1992): 1000’s of people probably wrongly convicted every year on the basis of inaccurate EWT.
Wells et al (1998): reported on 40 cases in USA where individuals convicted on the basis of EWT, have since been cleared using DNA evidence.
5 of these wrongly convicted individuals had been sentenced to DEATH, and were awaiting execution!!!

27. Jennifer Thompson & Ronald Cotton
Eyewitness Testimony Part 1
Eyewitness Testimony Part 2

28. Crime Scene Challenge
Now that your eyes and brain are warmed up, let’s test your observation skills a bit more
You will have 2 minutes to study a photograph of a crime scene on the next slide
Try to pay close attention to details
You are not allowed to write anything down until time is up
Ready?

30. Answer Each Question Below:
What color was the coffee mug? Blue Red Yellow
When was the deadline? Yesterday Today Tomorrow
What time was on the clock on the wall? : : :55
How many sticky notes were on the whiteboard?
What was NOT in the picture? Stapler Trash Can Printer
What was the name on the plaque? Bill Brian Carl
What color was the victim’s shirt? Black Blue Red
How many plants were in the picture? None One Two
What color was the marker in the drawer? Red Blue Green
Where was the book? On a box In the trash can Under the body

31. Check Your Answers Yellow Today 11:05 6 Stapler Brian Blue Two Green
On a box

32. Memory Test Let’s do another memory test…
You will have 30 seconds to view the next slide
Try to memorize all 20 items you see
You are not allowed to write anything down until after the screen has been shown
GOOD LUCK!!

33. Teacher note: when the students have seen the slide and are writing down answers, ask them if they saw a banana (on the intro slide), a pen (goes with pencil), and a nail (goes with hammer)…try to implant false memories!

34. Write down all the items you can remember
Finished!
Write down all the items you can remember

35. How’d You Do? How many of you remembered seeing… Why?
Was the guitar black?
Was the pen blue?
Was the banana yellow?
Was the nail red?
Why?
Remember that I asked you if you saw a banana, a pen, and a nail…none of those were on the test! My comments affected your memory – I was able to implant false memories!
What does this tell you about real eyewitness questioning by the police?

36. Police Officers and Crime Scene Investigators
Do they play a big role?
When Eyes Deceive- Eyewitness Testimony
What kind of impact did the professor have in implanting false memories?

37. Questioning an Eyewitness
Leading questions
Example: “Was the man wearing a black jacket?”
Why could this question present problems?
It doesn’t leave room for open-ended answers
It encourages eyewitness to reinvent memories (in this example, it coerces eyewitnesses into believing the man was wearing a particular color jacket, just like I convinced you that you saw pictures that weren’t really there)

38. Effects of misleading info…
One of the main factors affecting accuracy of memory for an event, seems to be what happens AFTER the event has taken place.
Memories laid down at the time seem quite fragile, and subject to distortion by post-event info.
Misinformation can introduce serious errors into Eye Witness recall of the event.

39. Loftus (1992): ‘MISINFORMATION ACCEPTANCE’
People accept misleading info after an event and absorb it into their memory for the actual event…
…there is a greater tendency to accept post-event info in this way, as the time since the event increases
This means that there are important implications for the ways in which police and lawyers question individuals in criminal investigations.

40. Leading Questions Suggests the man was actually wearing a hat!!
most common post-event info
a question phrased in such a way as to prompt a particular kind of answer:
- was the man wearing a hat?
- what colour was the man’s hat?
Suggests the man was actually wearing a hat!!
False info given to a witness after the event can serve to change the original memory by removing some elements and inserting others.

41. Be able to articulate the problems with eyewitness testimony
Be able to explain why these problems occur.
Be able to use three studies to support your claim
What has been assigned today?
Finish Introduction
What is coming up?
Finish Eye Witness Testimony on Tuesday/ Wednesday
What is Due?
Entry Task: Graph the aim, procedure and findings of a study on testosterone or serotonin?
Agenda
Organize the research
Exit Ticket: What are the problems with eyewitness testimony? Why do these problems occur?
Learner
Outcomes
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 41

42. To what extent is one cognitive process reliable?
POP 5
To what extent is one cognitive process reliable?

43. Research into the effects of misleading information on accuracy of EWT
Use your reading and your packet factsheet and complete the first two on the table
Study
Aim/Procedure
Findings
Evaluation
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
Brewer and Burke
Yuile and Cutshall (1986)

44. Tom Rogers Law and Human Behavior, Vol 26(3), Jun 2002, 353-364
Brewer and burke (2002): Effect of Testimony Inconsistency and Witness Confidence
Tom Rogers
Law and Human Behavior, Vol 26(3), Jun 2002,

45. AIMS
To investigate the interaction between testimony consistency and witness confidence in mock-jurors’ assessment of the defendant’s culpability and the verdict they return.

46. Sample
130 undergraduate university students.
All volunteers.
52 males and 78 females.
Eligible for jury service.

47. DESIGN An independent measures design with 4 conditions:
High consistency, high confidence
High consistency, low confidence
Low consistency, high confidence
Low consistency, low confidence

48. Method (STIMULUS)
Subjects listened to a 20 min. audiotape of an armed bank robbery trial.
Professionally acted
Featured opening and closing statements, judge’s instructions and critical evidence given by prosecution witness.
Only responses to defense differed by condition (all other elements of the audiotape did not).
Jurors asked not to consider other evidence that may be present in a real trial.

49. METHOD (DETAIL OF MANIPULATIONS)
Consistency was manipulated by whether or not the prosecution witness contradicted themselves under cross-examination by the defense
Confidence was manipulated by whether the witness responded immediately to all questions or whether, in 40-45% of cases they hesitated and used qualifiers (“reasonably sure” vs. “absolutely sure”).

50. METHOD (SELF-REPORT)
Attention was checked via a 16 item multiple choice test (covering the whole trial).
Asked to rate confidence and consistency by 7-point likert scale.
On a scale of 1-100%, how sure they were that the defendant committed the crime (markers at 10% intervals).
Required to give verdict of guilty or not guilty.

51. RESULTS
Performance on the memory test was good and not significantly different between conditions
When the prosecution witness was confident, subjects gave a guilty at 58% as oppose to 33% when they were not.
Overall, 23% of jurors found guilty when inconsistent vs 26% when consistent.
The effect of testimonial inconsistency was only marginally significant.

52. Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and your relationships with others!
Be able to articulate the problems with eyewitness testimony
Be able to explain why these problems occur.
Be able to use three studies to support your claim
What has been assigned today?
POP 5 due Friday
What is coming up?
Test on Thursday
What is Due?
Entry Task: What is a common problem in the Loftus studies? Is it significant? (5minutes)
Agenda
Criticism of Eye Witness Testimony
Other impacts on Eye Witness Testimony
Exit Ticket:
Goal
Objective
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 52

53. CONCLUSIONS
Witness confidence had a strong and persuasive influence on mock-juror judgments, regardless of whether the testimony was consistent or inconsistent, and even after controlling for inconsistencies detected (p. 361).

54. Criticism: Yuile and Cutshall (1986)
Contends Loftus’s experiment lacks ecological validity:
13 witnesses
of a real robbery
Interviews over
4 months
Initial interview included
two misleading questions

55. Yuille & Cutshall (1986)
The witnesses provided accurate recall after 4 months, and the recall matched their initial detailed reports.
Evaluation:

56. Own Race Bias- Wright et al (2001)
Aim: to test whether people remember people of their own race better
Identify pictures in
a picture line-up
2. Rate their confidence
From 1 to 7 on a Likert scale
4 people at different
location “Excuse me do
you have time”
201 Black &
White people

57. ORB- Findings
63% of the witnesses correctly identified the confederate in the forced choice line-up but more accurate if the person was of the same race.
High correlation in confidence and selecting someone of the same race.

58. Factors in Eyewitness Testimony
Read through the factsheet.

59. Now read updated information on Eye Witness Testimony
What is the most important information to share with others.

60. Q. Write a definition of EWT
Evidence given in court, or in police investigations by someone who has witnessed a crime or an accident

61. Q. What is a misleading question? Give an example
most common post-event info
a question phrased in such a way as to prompt a particular kind of answer:
- was the man wearing a hat?

62. Q. What did Loftus (1992) call this effect?
People accept misleading info after an event and absorb it into their memory for the actual event…
Q. What did Loftus (1992) call this effect?
Misinformation effect

63. Write an Assertion
POP

64. Understand the field of Psychology as you learn about how to apply the theories to your own life to improve yourself and your relationships with others!
Understand what is meant by EWT
Understand the problems with EWT
Understand the +/- of the research supporting it.
What has been assigned today?
POP A is due Wednesday.
What is coming up?
IA due the 24th
Cognitive Test on the 26th
What is Due?
Entry Task: What did Yuile & Cutshall try to show through their experiment?
Agenda
Criticism of Eye Witness Testimony
Other impacts on Eye Witness Testimony
Exit Ticket:
Goal
Objective
5th Period Psychology
Have Chandler Coates and Christina Farray present. 64