1. Test is next Thursday, Feb 12
All the material on the website is on the exam including the lecture on Feb 5.
Material covered on Feb 10, will be not be on the first exam.

2. Today Fungal like organisms
Some of this lecture material was created by U. of Arizona, Purdue and AVRDC

5. KSU
Purdue

7. Horseradish
AVRDC
Cabbage
AVRDC

8. Kingdom Chromista Oomycetes
Not true fungi – phylogenetically unrelated to Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes
Characteristics (generalizations)
1. Mycelium is coenocytic (without
crosswalls)
2. Hyphal wall is composed of cellulose
3. Produce oospores (sexual spore)
as a resting stage
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

9. Characteristics, continued…..
4. Produce zoospores (motile) or similar non-motile asexual spores in sporangia
5. Most are diploid (2N) – whereas most true fungi are haploid
6. Sexual reproduction by gametangial contact between oogonia & antheridia
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

10. Oomycetes cause two types of general diseases
Diseases affecting plant parts in the soil or in contact with soil
Diseases that affect above ground parts – leaves & stem
Both categories require
the presence or abundance
of water
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

11. Primary groups of Oomycetes
Aphanomyces spp. – root rots
Pythium spp. – damping –off; root rots & soft rots
Phytophthora spp. root rots; damping-off, blights; other rots
Downy Mildews*: foliage blights
White Rusts*: foliage diseases
*Obligate parasites
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

12. Pythium seed rot, damping off, root rot, and soft rot
Caused by many Pythium spp.
P. ultimum, P. debaryanum, and P. viole are some common species
Damping off
1. Seeds fail to germinate
2. Before emergence (pre-emergence damping off)
3. Seedling emerged are usually attacked from the roots first.
Invaded areas become water soaked and discolored. The base of the stem becomes thinner and the seedling falls over.
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

13. Pythium blight of cereals & grasses
Empty patches in field or on lawn
Stunted growth or delayed maturation
Several species of Pythium cause diseases, but other organisms can cause similar symptom
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

14. Plant Pathology, G.N. Agrios

15. Zoospores Liberated

16. Phytophthora Diseases
Diseases on many types of plants and is similar to Pythium. Species of Phytophthora are important pathogens of woody ornamentals, field crops, ornamental plants, fruits, etc.
examples:
P. fragariae – red stele of strawberry
P. sojae – soybean root rot
P. infestans – late blight of potato
P. ramorum – sudden oak death

17. General Symptoms of Diseases Caused by Phytophthora
* Root or lower stem rots
* Loss of feeder roots
* First symptoms are drought wilt or mineral deficiencies
Generally – high soil moisture + cooler temperatures promote disease - < 23ºc
Annuals or tree seedlings may be killed in days or weeks. Older plants exhibit sparse foliage, dieback of branches or twigs, and/or yellow leaves – sometimes collar rots and necrosis of lower stem
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

18. Phytophthora infestans
Late blight of potato
Phytophthora infestans
Symptoms – water soaked lesions on lower leaves brown blighted areas within + indefinite borders – worse in wet, cool weather.
Can affect leaves & tubers (purple, stinky rot)
Control – sanitation, resistant varieties, timed chemical sprays
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

19. Late blight of potato: Phytophthora infestans
Disease cycle

20. Downy Mildews obligate biotrophic parasites foliar blights
produce sporangiophores + sporangia in very characteristic ways for each genus of downy mildew.
examples:
Pseudoperonospora cubensis – downy mildew of cucurbits
Plasmopara vitacola – downy mildew of grape
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

21. Haustoria of P. viticola
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

22. Downy mildew of grape: Plasmopora viticola
Symptoms are small, chlorotic spot on both sides of leaves.
Signs are sporangiophores that emerge through the stomates. The underside of the leaf turns white.
Spots later may coalesce and form large necrotic areas in severe infections, plants may be defoliated.
The pathogen can also attack the fruit and the budwood. The budwood will allow the pathogen to overwinter in the vineyard.
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona

23. Sporangiophore emerging from stomata
Slide courtesy of Barry Pryor, U. Arizona