1. European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300-1600
Two movements, the Renaissance and the Reformation, usher in dramatic social and cultural changes in Europe

2. Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

3. During the late Middle Ages
Europe suffered from war and the plague
People began to question the Church
People wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit

4. The Renaissance
Renaissance (rebirth)-an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought.
Why Italy?
1. Thriving cities
2. A wealthy Merchant Class
3. Classical heritage of Greece and Rome

5. 1. City-States Crusades spur trade
Growth of large city-states in northern Italy
Cities=places where people exchange ideas
In 1300s bubonic plague killed 60% of population, disrupts economy
With few opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue other interests, such as art

6. How did the cities of Italy help create the Renaissance?
City life included wealth, leisure time, and exchange of ideas

7. 2. A Wealthy Merchant Class
Merchants
More emphasis on individual achievement
Dominated politics
Banking family, the Medici family, controls Florence
Cosimo de Medici 1434
Wealthiest European at time and dictator of Florence
Lorenzo de Medici 1464 (Cosimo’s grandson)
Also dictator of Florence
Patron of the arts

8. 3. Inspiration from Greece and Rome
Middle Ages art and architecture
Artists, scholars study Greeks and Romans (monasteries kept documents intact)
Christian scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 and brought Greek manuscripts with them

9. Classical and Worldly Values
Study of classics lead to Humanism
Humanism
Intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements
Humanists studied classical texts to understand Greek values in subjects such as
History
Literature
Philosophy

10. How did study of the classics influence branches of learning such as history, literature, and philosophy?
Study of classical texts led to a different outlook on life, one emphasizing human potential and achievements.

11. The Good Stuff Renaissance society was secular—worldly
Even church leaders
Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes, music
Humanists suggested that one can enjoy life without offending God

12. Patrons Patron-a financial supporter of artists
Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities
Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts

13. The Renaissance Man
Excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics, combat
Baldassre Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528) (Should be charming, witty, well educated in the classics; should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry; should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman)
The book teaches how to become a “universal” person

14. The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming
Expected to inspire art but not create it
Example:
Isabella d’Este
Born in ruling class in Ferrara, Italy
Spoke Greek, Latin
Musician, dancer, patron of arts
Home turned into art museum
Involved in politics

15. Revolution in Art
Artists use realistic style copied from classical art
Portraits of Individuals
Painters use perspective-a way to show three dimensions on a canvas

16. Realistic Painting and Sculpture
Realistic portraits of prominent citizens
Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions
The Biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors

17. Donatello’s ( ) David

18. East Door of the Baptistery in Florence
Created by Lorenzo Ghiberti’s
Michelangelo called it the “Gate of Paradise”
Ghiberti worked on it for 27 years from
10 panels in bronze showing stories from the Old Testament

19. East Door of the Baptistery in Florence

20. Leonardo Da Vinci 1452-1519 Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist
Read his writings by looking at them in a mirror

21. Mona Lisa in the Louvre in Paris
It is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, who at 16 married Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy merchant of Florence who commissioned the portrait.
Notice the smile, the shadows, and the hands
Why is it famous??

22. Leonardo

23. Leonardo--sketches

24. The Last Supper (Milan)

25. Michelangelo Buonarroti
Renaissance man also
Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet

26. Statue of David in Florence, Italy
Sculpted from
18 feet tall

27. Michelangelo’s Pieta

28. Michelangelo’s Moses

29. Michelangelo’s Dome of St. Peter’s in Rome

30. The Sistine Chapel

31. The Sistine Chapel in Rome

32. Michelangelo’s Last Judgment in Sistine Chapel

33. Raphael 1483 - 1520 Younger than Leonardo and Michelangelo
Learned by studying their works
Self portrait at right

34. Raphael
One of Raphael’s favorite subjects was the Madonna and child.

36. Sandro Botticelli
Self portrait and The Birth of Venus

37. Anguuissola and Gentileschi
Sofonisba Anguissola: first woman artist to gain world renown (self portrait at right)
Artemisia Gentileschi paints strong, heroic women (self portrait below)

38. How did the humanism of the renaissance reflected in its art?
Renaissance celebrates the human body and individual achievement.

39. Changes in Literature New Trends in Writing Writers use vernacular
Self-expression or to portray individuality of their subjects

40. Why was it important that writers began writing in the vernacular?
More accessible to everyday people; possible to read literature without learning to speak Latin

41. Petrarch Father of Humanism Wrote in Italian and Latin
Sonnets (14 line poems) became a model for lyrical poetry
Typically about a woman named Laura
One of the first people to use the term “Dark Ages”

42. Boccaccio
Decameron
The stories are told by a group of young people waiting in a villa in Florence to avoid the plague

43. Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince – political guidebook
Examines how rulers can gain and keep power
To succeed a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox.
The word Machiavellian describes any crafty or deceitful action used for one’s own advantage.

44. Why do you think Machiavelli’s writings remain popular?
People still interested in getting and keeping power.

45. Vittoria Colonna Woman writer with great influence
Poems express personal emotions
She exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish The Courtier.

46. Italian Renaissance Activities
Renaissance Man:
Review the article about Leonardo Da Vinci being a “Renaissance Man”.
On a large sheet of paper, illustrate and include quotes and activities from the article that made someone a “Renaissance Man” OR
Create your own “Modern Renaissance Man” and include qualities that make them that. Or
Create a resume for a “Renaissance Man” or one of the people we have discussed in Ch
Suggestions to a leader
Read the primary source reading of “The Prince”
Then write a “Top 15” list of qualities a good/successful leader needs to have.
Also include your “Top 15” suggestions on how a leader should obtain/keep power as a leader.

47. How did humanism influence Renaissance ideas?
Focused on people and their achievements, so art and thought became more concerned with the here and now
Why did church leaders and wealthy merchants support the arts?
Showed their importance by having portraits painted and decorating churches and other public places
What were the differences and similarities between upper-class Renaissance men and women?
Both were expected to know the classics, but most women lacked political power

48. What were the differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the attitude toward pleasures?
In the Middle Ages, some people believed that denial of worldly pleasures would please God. During the Renaissance, many believed that god intended them to enjoy those things.

49. True or False
1. During the Renaissance, patrons of the arts were people who frequented many of art festivals.
False
2. The technique of perspective was used by Renaissance painters to show three dimensions on a flat surface
True
3. The Renaissance, a movement that started in Germany and lasted 300 years, brought about a growth of creativity in art, writing, and thought.

50. 4. The general emphasis of the Renaissance movement was religious.
False
5. The Prince, by Machiavelli, stated that people are selfish and corrupt, and that a prince should be feared more than loved.
True
6. Some Renaissance writers wrote in the vernacular, or in the author’s native language.
7. An intellectual movement called humanism focused on scientific information about the human body.
8. “Renaissance men” were men who mastered many fields of endeavor.