2. By: Mr. Moore High School of Economics & Finance, NY, NY Contribution from Ms. Susan Pojer Horace Greeley H. S., Chappaqua, NY

3.  A New Approach to Studying History  A Rediscovery of Secular Classical Learning  A Perception From Antiquity That Mankind Could Exert His Will Over His Life  Renaissance Art Focused on Man and His Ideas, promoting virtue and the dignity of man while adhering to a sense of religious decorum

5. The Study of History Characteristics:  A new approach to dividing history into three parts: antiquity, medieval, modern  Greek and Roman celebrated, not seen as pagan times  Explanations for events were based on natural and human actions, not the divine  New focus on law, government, and diplomacy instead of a focus on religious importance  History was a guide to life, not a reason to justify and glorify God

6. A Rediscovery of Secular Classical Learning: The Florentine “Academy” and Platonism  Origins Florence invited Manuel Chrysoloras from Constantinople to promote Greek learning Council of Ferrara-Florence reunited Eastern and Western churches – 1439 Byzantine Greek scholars flee the Turks after the fall of Constantinople – 1453  Goal and Appeal Synthesize Platonic tradition with Christian teachings Belief that human reason exists in the world humans occupy and the eternal sphere – as evidenced by mathematical and moral truths This allows mankind to have power over their actions i.e. Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man

7. Secular Learning: Sir Thomas More’s Utopia

8. Controlling the Human Will : the Dignity of Man  Humanists saw parallels between their lives and those from antiquity  There developed the idea of the human will, giving men some control over their lives – not all decided by God  The Oration on the Dignity of Man  The Oration on the Dignity of Man is an excellent example  The Book of the Courtier by Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control. Baldassare Castiglione by Rafael

10. Art and Patronage Italians were willing to spend a lot of money on art. / Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values. / Italian banking & international trade interests had the money. Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds. Therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status!

11. Renaissance Florence The Wool Factory by Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 The Wool Factory by Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 1252 – first gold florins minted 1252 – first gold florins minted Florentine lion: symbol of St. Mark Florentine lion: symbol of St. Mark

12. Lorenzo “the Magnificent”: 1478 - 1521 Rise of the Despot: the Medici Family and Patronage of the Arts Cosimo I de Medici: 1517 - 1574

13. Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel Medici Chapel The Medici Palace

14. Isabella d’Este: ” “First Lady of the Italian Renaissance”  1474-1539  Great patroness of the arts.  Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”

16. 1. Realism & Expression  Expulsion from the Garden by Masaccio in 1427  First nudes since classical times  Addition of fig leaves shows changes in mores

17. 2. Perspective Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

18. Perspective

19. 3. Classicism  Greco-Roman influence.  Secularism.  Humanism.  Individualism  free standing figures.  Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

20. 4. Emphasis on Individualism  Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino by Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466  A Renaissance Man and Condotteri

21. 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures  The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate  Leonardo da Vinci  1469  The figure as architecture!

22. 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Chiaroscuro Sfumato

23. 7. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Giorgio Vasari 1550

25.  Vitruvian Man  Leonardo da Vinci  1492 The L’uomo universale or The Universal Man

26. Characteristics of the Renaissance “Man”  Broad knowledge about many things in different fields – studia humanitatis  Deep knowledge/skill in one area  Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge  The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education

27. Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4

28. horizontal vertical Perspective! The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

30.  The Pieta by Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1499  Marble  Commissioned by French cardinal Jean de Billheres The Church as Patrons of the Arts

31. Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512  More concerned with politics than with theology.  The “Warrior Pope.”  Great patron of Renaissance artists, especially Raphael & Michelangelo.  Died in 1513

32. The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

33. The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

34. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

35. The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

36. The Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace

37. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11  One point perspective.  All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included  all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts!  A great variety of poses.  Located in the papal apartments library.  Raphael worked on this commission simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel.  No Christian themes here.

38. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Raphael Da Vinci Michelangelo

39. Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. The School of Athens – Raphael, details

40. Renaissance Art: Italian vs. Northern Europe  Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.  But, Italian influence was strong.  Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy.  The differences between the two cultures:  Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.  No. Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.  More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

41. Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art  The continuation of late medieval attention to details.  Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].  Interest in landscapes.  More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life.  Details of domestic interiors.  Great skill in portraiture.

42. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)  More courtly and aristocratic work.  Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.  The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

43. Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434

44. Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife (details)

45. Albrecht D ü rer (1471-1528)  The greatest of German artists.  A scholar as well as an artist.  His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I.  Also a scientist  Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.  Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.  Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

46. Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)  One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.  While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus.  Erasmus Writing, 1523   Henry VIII was his patron from 1536.  Great portraitist noted for:  Objectivity & detachment.  Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects.