2. Elena 548A Genre: Historical Non-Fiction Genre: Historical Non-Fiction Real characters, events, and settings combine with non-fictional elements. Real characters, events, and settings combine with non-fictional elements. Summary: Summary: With the Mexican Revolution nearing, Elena courageously decides to move her family to safety in the United States. With the Mexican Revolution nearing, Elena courageously decides to move her family to safety in the United States.

3. Background 548K The stories in this theme are about people from a variety of backgrounds who are part of America’s past. The stories in this theme are about people from a variety of backgrounds who are part of America’s past. This story is about a real Mexican woman who brings her family to California during the turbulent years of the Mexican Revolution. This story is about a real Mexican woman who brings her family to California during the turbulent years of the Mexican Revolution. Read “A Revolution in Mexico” pg. 548 Read “A Revolution in Mexico” pg. 548 What are some difficulties a family might face while fleeing the Mexican Revolution. What are some difficulties a family might face while fleeing the Mexican Revolution.

4. Background 548K Let’s discuss these key vocabulary words. Let’s discuss these key vocabulary words. dictator dictator transformed transformed frantic frantic notorious notorious bandit bandit refugee refugee

5. Vocabulary 549A Trans 5-25 PB 323 Trans 5-25 PB 323 Trans 5-25 PB 323 condolences: expressions of sympathy for a death condolences: expressions of sympathy for a death dictator: a ruler who has complete power over a country dictator: a ruler who has complete power over a country notorious: well known for having a bad reputation notorious: well known for having a bad reputation rugged: very rough and uneven rugged: very rough and uneven

6. Vocabulary 549A sombreros: Spanish hats with wide brims sombreros: Spanish hats with wide brims transformed: changed in appearance transformed: changed in appearance urgently: in a manner that calls for immediate action urgently: in a manner that calls for immediate action wounds: injuries in which the skin is broken wounds: injuries in which the skin is broken

7. Vocabulary Link haven: a safe place haven: a safe place symbol: something that strands for or represents something else symbol: something that strands for or represents something else opportunities: chances to improve oneself and be successful opportunities: chances to improve oneself and be successful tablet: a slab of stone or clay tablet: a slab of stone or clay tyranny: a government in which one ruler has total power and often acts unjustly tyranny: a government in which one ruler has total power and often acts unjustly

8. Phonics/Decoding Skills 549A What are our Phonics/Decoding skills? What are our Phonics/Decoding skills? They are chunking, words we know, beginning and endings, affixes, syllables, try different vowel sounds, base words or root words, blending, look carefully, They are chunking, words we know, beginning and endings, affixes, syllables, try different vowel sounds, base words or root words, blending, look carefully,

10. Phonics/Decoding Skills 549A “It’s not proper for a woman to travel unprotected like that,” they said. “It’s not proper for a woman to travel unprotected like that,” they said. Help me figure out this word using our Phonics/Decoding Strategies. Help me figure out this word using our Phonics/Decoding Strategies.

11. Reading Strategy 549B Summarize As you read, think about the characters, their problem, and how they solve it to summarize the events of the story. As you read, think about the characters, their problem, and how they solve it to summarize the events of the story. Remember that a good story summary contains only the most important events. Remember that a good story summary contains only the most important events.

13. Comprehension Skill 549C Story Structure Trans 5-26 PB 324 Trans 5-26 PB 324 Trans 5-26 PB 324 As you read Elena, focus on important story elements such as characters, the setting, and the plot. As you read Elena, focus on important story elements such as characters, the setting, and the plot. characters: are the people around whom the story events revolve characters: are the people around whom the story events revolve setting: is the time and place in which a story occurs setting: is the time and place in which a story occurs plot: is the sequence of story events, which often includes a problem and a resolution. plot: is the sequence of story events, which often includes a problem and a resolution.

15. Problem Solving and Decision Making 555 Define the problem Define the problem Consider possible solutions Consider possible solutions Examine possible solutions and decide which one works best Examine possible solutions and decide which one works best Choose the best solution Choose the best solution Carry out the solution Carry out the solution

16. Story Structure 559 Characters are the people around whom the story events revolve. Characters are the people around whom the story events revolve. The setting is the time and place in which a story occurs. The setting is the time and place in which a story occurs. The plot is the sequence of story events, which often includes a problem and a resolution. The plot is the sequence of story events, which often includes a problem and a resolution.

18. Propaganda 561 Propaganda is information or ideas used to influence how others think. These are the ways to influence others. Propaganda is information or ideas used to influence how others think. These are the ways to influence others. overgeneralization: Makes general statements based on only a few facts. overgeneralization: Makes general statements based on only a few facts. testimonial: Uses a celebrity or an expert to make a statement supporting a product. testimonial: Uses a celebrity or an expert to make a statement supporting a product.

19. Propaganda 561 bandwagon: Persuades consumers to do something because “everyone else” is doing it. bandwagon: Persuades consumers to do something because “everyone else” is doing it. transfer: Associates a person with a product so that consumers will transfer their admiration for the person to the product. transfer: Associates a person with a product so that consumers will transfer their admiration for the person to the product. faulty cause and effect: Says consumers will be happier simply as a result of using the product. faulty cause and effect: Says consumers will be happier simply as a result of using the product.

20. Decoding Longer Words 569E Changing Final y to i Papa’s absence filled our house with emptiness. Papa’s absence filled our house with emptiness. When a word ends in a consonant followed by a y, the final y changes to an i before certain endings are added. When a word ends in a consonant followed by a y, the final y changes to an i before certain endings are added. If you remove the ending and see an unfamiliar word ending in i, you might recognize it with a y. If you remove the ending and see an unfamiliar word ending in i, you might recognize it with a y. Some endings that can change a y to an i are –es, -ed, -er, -est, and –ness. Some endings that can change a y to an i are –es, -ed, -er, -est, and –ness.

21. Decoding Longer Words 569E Changing Final y to I PB328 PB328 We were happier there, because it was warmer. We were happier there, because it was warmer. Think aloud to figure out this word. Think aloud to figure out this word. Try these words: Try these words: countries countries country country armies armies army army

22. Phonics 469F Initial and Medial Digraphs Recognizing the sounds that consonant digraphs can stand for at the beginning and in the middle of words can help decode unfamiliar words. Recognizing the sounds that consonant digraphs can stand for at the beginning and in the middle of words can help decode unfamiliar words. A consonant digraph is a pair of different consonants that stand for a single sound. A consonant digraph is a pair of different consonants that stand for a single sound. A consonant digraph can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. A consonant digraph can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. ex. ch, sh, th, wh, ph, and gh ex. ch, sh, th, wh, ph, and gh

23. Phonics 469F Initial and Medial Digraphs Mother knelt down and gathered us in her arms. Mother knelt down and gathered us in her arms. Help me decode this word using your phonics/decoding strategy. Help me decode this word using your phonics/decoding strategy. Help me find the digraphs in these words: Help me find the digraphs in these words: whispered whispered kitchen kitchen emphasis emphasis laughing laughing

24. Spelling 569G Changing Final y to i PB 329 PB 329 PB 329 army + es = armies army + es = armies spy + ed = spied spy + ed = spied dirty + er = dirtier dirty + er = dirtier scary + est = scariest scary + est = scariest happy + ness = happiness happy + ness = happiness These base words end with a consonant + y. Whenever you want to add a suffix, change the y to an i and add the suffix. These base words end with a consonant + y. Whenever you want to add a suffix, change the y to an i and add the suffix.

25. Vocabulary 569G PB 330 PB 330PB 330 antonyms antonyms Antonyms means the opposite of. Antonyms means the opposite of. Tell me the antonyms for these words: Tell me the antonyms for these words: largest largest sorrow sorrow defeats defeats cleaner cleaner gentlemen gentlemen friends friends

26. Vocabulary Skills 569I Dictionary: Word Histories PB 332 PB 332 PB 332 village: A small group of dwellings in a rural area [Lat. Villa, country estate] village: A small group of dwellings in a rural area [Lat. Villa, country estate] Many English words have their origins in other languages, such as Latin or Greek. Many English words have their origins in other languages, such as Latin or Greek. The history of an entry word include where it came from what its earlier forms meant The history of an entry word include where it came from what its earlier forms meant The village comes from a Latin word, villa, meaning “country estate” The village comes from a Latin word, villa, meaning “country estate” Word histories will help you recognize word families. Word histories will help you recognize word families.

27. Grammar Skills 569K Adverbs Trans 5-28 PB 333 Trans 5-28 PB 333 Trans 5-28 PB 333 An adverb is a word that tells how, when, or where. An adverb is a word that tells how, when, or where. Adverbs can describe verbs. Adverbs can describe verbs. Many adverbs end with –ly. Many adverbs end with –ly.

28. Grammar Skills 569K Adverbs Trans 5-29 PB 334 Trans 5-29 PB 334 Trans 5-29 PB 334 To compare two actions, use –er with most one-syllable adverbs; To compare two actions, use –er with most one-syllable adverbs; Use more with adverbs of two or more syllables. Use more with adverbs of two or more syllables. To compare three or more actions, use –est with most one-syllable adverbs; To compare three or more actions, use –est with most one-syllable adverbs; Use most with adverbs of two or more syllables Use most with adverbs of two or more syllables

29. Improving Your Writing 569L PB335 Expanding Sentences with Adverbs A good writer expands sentences with adverbs in order to describe action more clearly. A good writer expands sentences with adverbs in order to describe action more clearly. ex. Carlos spotted his aunt in the crowd and waved to her. ex. Carlos spotted his aunt in the crowd and waved to her. Improved: Carlos finally spotted his aunt in the crowd and waved frantically to her. Improved: Carlos finally spotted his aunt in the crowd and waved frantically to her.

30. Inferences Inference worksheet Inference worksheet Inference worksheet Inference worksheet Reading Standard – 2.3 Reading Standard – 2.3 Inference means what conclusion can you come up with after reading a passage. Inference means what conclusion can you come up with after reading a passage. Use story clues to figure out something the author doesn’t tell you. Use story clues to figure out something the author doesn’t tell you. Read between the lines. Read between the lines.

31. Main Idea Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Main Idea worksheet Reading Standard 2.3 – ALS Reading Standard 2.3 – ALS Main Ideas – What is the main point of the passage or paragraph. Main Ideas – What is the main point of the passage or paragraph. What is the topic of the paragraph What is the topic of the paragraph

32. Spiral Review 569Q The past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding –d or –ed. The past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding –d or –ed. Irregular verbs have special forms to show past tense. Irregular verbs have special forms to show past tense. A verb phrase is made up of a main verb and a helping verb. A verb phrase is made up of a main verb and a helping verb.

33. Spiral Review 569Q Grammar teach: to give instruction teach: to give instruction learn: to receive instruction learn: to receive instruction let: to permit let: to permit leave: to go away from, to let remain leave: to go away from, to let remain sit: to rest sit: to rest set: to place or put set: to place or put

34. Spiral Review 569Q Grammar can: to be able to do can: to be able to do may: to be allowed may: to be allowed lie: to rest flat lie: to rest flat lay: to put down lay: to put down rise: to get up rise: to get up raise: to lift raise: to lift

35. Spiral Review 569R Inflected Forms jumped jumped -ed is an inflected ending, which changes the form of the word -ed is an inflected ending, which changes the form of the word In the dictionary, words with inflected endings can be found under the base word. In the dictionary, words with inflected endings can be found under the base word. Tell me the base words in these words: Tell me the base words in these words: hops, shortest, surviving, escaped hops, shortest, surviving, escaped

36. Spiral Review 569R Prefixes sub- sur- We had a surplus of food after our shopping trip. We had a surplus of food after our shopping trip. sur- means “over, above, or additional” sur- means “over, above, or additional” Surplus is an amount above what is needed. Surplus is an amount above what is needed. The workers dug into the subsoil at the site. The workers dug into the subsoil at the site. sub- means “secondary part, under, down, or beneath” sub- means “secondary part, under, down, or beneath”

37. Prefixes Prefixes are word parts that are added to base words or word roots that will change the meaning of the word.

38. Spelling Test 1. liberties 1. liberties 2. victories 2. victories 3. countries 3. countries 4. spied 4. spied 5. enemies 5. enemies 6. armies 6. armies 7. scariest 7. scariest 8. dirtier 8. dirtier 9. happiness 9. happiness 10. abilities 10. abilities 11. pitied 11. pitied 12. ladies 12. ladies 13. busier 13. busier 14. duties 14. duties 15. lilies 15. lilies 16. worthiness 16. worthiness 17. tiniest 17. tiniest 18. emptiness 18. emptiness 19. replies 19. replies 20. dizziness 20. dizziness

39. Challenge Words 21. unified 21. unified 22. levied 22. levied 23. colonies 23. colonies 24. loveliest 24. loveliest 25. strategies 25. strategies

40. Study Guide Summarize Summarize Story structure Story structure Decision making Decision making Propaganda Propaganda Changing y to I Changing y to I Final diagraphs Final diagraphs Antonyms Antonyms Word histories Word histories Adverbs Adverbs Past tense irregular verbs Past tense irregular verbs prefixes prefixes