2.  40% of people lived in cities  Louis Sullivan - perfecting skyscrapers  Commuting by electric trolleys.  Why?  Electricity  Indoor plumbing  Telephones Sullivan’s skyscraper

3. DEPARTMENT STORESSISTER CARRIE  Macy’s (in New York)  Marshall Field’s (in Chicago)  working-class jobs  attracted urban middle-class shoppers.  Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie told of a woman’s escapades in the big city and made cities dazzling and attractive.

4.  Criminals flourished  Sanitary facilities couldn’t keep up  Impure water  Uncollected garbage  Unwashed bodies  Animal waste

5.  “Dumbbell tenements”  Gave a bit of fresh air down their airshaft  worst since they were dark, cramped, and had little sanitation or ventilation.  Flophouses - half-starved and unemployed could sleep for a few cents  To escape, the wealthy of the city-dwellers fled to suburbs. “Dumbbell Tenement”

6.  Old Immigrants  British Isles and Western Europe (Germany and Scandinavia)  quite literate and accustomed to some type of representative government.  New Immigrants  1880s and 1890s  Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe  Illiterate and not accustomed to having a representative government  Stay in cities (Little Italy, Little Poland)

7.  Why did they come?  No room in Europe  Unemployment  People boasted of eating everyday and having freedom and much opportunity  Profit-seeking Americans exaggerated the benefits of America to Europeans  cheap labor and more money.  “Birds of Passage” – returned home quickly  Those that remained (including persecuted Jews, who propagated in New York) tried very hard to retain their own culture and customs.  However, the children of the immigrants sometimes rejected this Old World culture and plunged completely into American life.

8. Immigration to America from 1890-1916

9.  Federal government did little to help immigrants assimilate  Immigrants were often controlled by powerful “bosses” (New York’s Boss Tweed)  Provided jobs and shelter in return for political support at the polls.  Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden began preaching the “Social Gospel,” insisting that churches tackle the burning social issues of the day.

10.  Jane Addams  Founded Hull House in 1889  English classes  Counseling – help newcomers cope with big city life  Child-care services for working mothers  Cultural activities

11.  Florence Kelley fought for protection of women workers and against child labor.  Cities also gave women opportunities to earn money and support themselves  mostly single women A young Florence Kelley

12.  “Nativism”  Feared being out-bred and out-voted  Blamed immigrants for the degradation of the urban government  IRONIC!!!!!!!!!  Unionists hated - willingness to work for super-low wages

13.  American Protective Association (APA) - against immigrants  1882 - Congress passed the first restrictive law against immigration,  banned paupers, criminals, and convicts  1885 - another law was passed banning the importation of foreign workers under usually substandard contracts.  Literacy tests were proposed, but were resisted

14.  Ironically in this anti-immigrant climate, the Statue of Liberty arrived from France—a gift from the French to America in 1886.

15.  Protestant churches irrelevant in big cities  Urban revivalists - Dwight Lyman Moody, a man who proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of city life. Dwight Lyman Moody

16.  Roman Catholics  New Immigration  Largest denomination  By 1890, America - 150 religions,  Salvation Army, which tried to help the poor and unfortunate.  The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded by Mary Baker Eddy, preached a perversion of Christianity that she claimed healed sickness.  YMCA’s and YWCA’s

17.  Charles Darwin  On the Origin of Species  Doctrine of evolution and attracted the ire and fury of fundamentalists.

18.  Tax supported elementary schools  Grade school and high school education = birthright  Free textbooks  “Normal schools” – teacher training schools  Catholic schools grew in popularity and in number.  Chautauqua movement – help working adults  Americans began to develop a faith in formal education as a solution to poverty.

19.  Booker T. Washington - ex-slave  Tuskegee Institute  black normal (teacher) and industrial school  useful skills and trades.  Avoided the issue of social equality  Believed in Blacks helping themselves first before gaining more rights.  One of Washington’s students was George Washington Carver, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans.  Du Bois - the first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard University  Demanded complete equality for Blacks  Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910

20.  Colleges and universities sprouted after the Civil War  Morrill Act of 1862 - grant of the public lands to the states for support of education  Hatch Act of 1887 - provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

21.  Libraries such as the Library of Congress also opened across America, bringing literature into people’s homes.  “Yellow journalism,” – newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories that often were false or quite exaggerated: sex, scandal, and other human-interest stories.  Journalistic tycoons emerged  Joseph Pulitzer (New York World)  William Randolph Hearst (San Francisco Examiner)

22.  “Dime-novels” - depicted the Wild West and other romantic and adventurous settings.  Harland F. Halsey – king of Dime Novels (650)  General Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur: reaffirmed the traditional Christian faith  Horatio Alger - rags-to- riches books  Walt Whitman - Leaves of Grass.  Emily Dickinson -poet whose poems were published after her death.

23.  Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens)  The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,  The Gilded Age  Stephen Crane  The Red Badge of Courage  Theodore Dreiser  Sister Carrie

24.  Victoria Woodhull  proclaimed free love, and  with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, wrote Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly  Comstock Law - made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information.  The “new morality” reflected sexual freedom in the increase of birth control, divorces, and frank discussion of sexual topics. Ms. Woodhull

25.  Urban life stressful on families  Fathers, mothers, and children worked  Charlotte Perkins Gilman  Women and Economics  called for women to become independent She also advocated day- care centers and centralized nurseries and kitchens.

26.  National American Woman Suffrage Association  led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Ms. Stanton

27.  Carrie Chapman Catt  Woman’s suffrage  The Wyoming Territory was the first to offer women unrestricted suffrage in 1869.  Ida B. Wells  rallied toward better treatment for Blacks a  formed the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. Ms. Wells

28.  National Prohibition Party in 1869.  Women’s Christian Temperance Union  Called for a national prohibition of the beverage.  Leaders included Frances E. Willard and Carrie A. Nation who literally wielded a hatchet and hacked up bars.

29.  The American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.

30.  Art was largely suppressed  James Whistler and John Singer Sargent to go to Europe to study art.  Mary Cassatt - painted sensitive portraits of women and children  George Inness - America’s leading landscapist.  Thomas Eakins - great realist painter  Winslow Homer - most famous and the greatest of all.  painted scenes of typical New England  Augustus Saint-Gaudens - sculptor

31.  Music reached new heights  Erection of opera houses and the emergence of jazz.  Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, which allowed the reproduction of sounds that could be heard by listeners.

32.  Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey  “There’s a sucker born every minute,” and “People love to be humbugged.”  “Greatest Show on Earth”  “Wild West” shows, like those of “Buffalo Bill” Cody  baseball and football

33.  Baseball emerged as America’s national pastime.  Wrestling gained popularity and respectability.  In 1891, James Naismith invented basketball.