1. HAP Chapter 7.1 – 7.5 Notes

2. I. Introduction A. Living…not dead B. Functions… 1. structure 2. attachment for muscles 3. protection 4. produce blood cells 5. store salts (calcium) 6. house nerves and blood vessels

3. II. Long Bone structure (pg. 127) A. Epiphysis 1. Def – the end of the bone a. Forms a joint b. Proximal and distal c. Covered in articular cartilage B. Diaphysis 1. Def – the shaft of the bone a. Periosteum – outer covering -forms and repairs bone tissue

4. b. Processes – bony projections -allow attachments, room for blood vessels and nerves, acts as a puzzle piece with another bone. c. Compact bone – tightly packed -wall of diaphysis d. Spongy bone – loosely packed -found in epiphysis -light weight *c and d are resistant to bending and are strong e. Medullary cavity – opening for blood vessels f. Endosteum – layer that lines medullary cavity g. Marrow – (yellow and red)

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6. C. Microscopically Speaking… 1.Bone cells (osteocytes) are located within lacunae that lie in concentric circles around Central/Haversion canals. a. Volkmann’s Canals – connect central canals 2. Osteocytes pass nutrients and gasses. 3. Stores… a. Collagen – gives bones their strength b. Salts – gives bones their hardness

8. III. Bone Growth and Dev. A. Development of bone 1. Intramembranous Bones a. Broad and flat bones b. Location – skull c. Process… 1.connective tissue appears 2. osteocytes  osteoblasts (bone makers) 3. create spongy bone…periosteum next 4. compact bone is then made

9. 2. Endochondral Bones a. Long bones b. Location  legs, arms, ribs… c. Process… 1. Begins as hyaline cartilage 2. cartilage grows 3. bone forms in diaphysis  (primary ossification center) 4. spongy bone is laid + periosteum forms 5. spongy bone turns to compact bone 6. band of cartilage remains in epiphysis  epiphyseal plate (2 nd ossification center) 7. bone continues to grow in length

10. IV. Fractures A. Def – partial or complete break in the bone 1. Classifications a. Open – the bone exits and through the skin.  aka – compound b. Closed – the bone does not exist through the skin  aka – simple B. Types of fractures

11. 1. Greenstick – incomplete fracture; bone is not completely broken 2. Transverse - the break is in a straight line across the bone 3. Spiral – the break spirals around the bone. Caused by a twisting motion. 4. Oblique – diagonal break across the bone 5. Compression – the bone is crushed causing it to look flatter in shape

12. 6. Comminuted – the bone is broken into three or more pieces 7. Avulsion – a tendon/ligament pulls a bone fragment off of the bone Medial epicondylar avulsion

13. V. Skeletal Organization A. Axial Skeleton 1. supports head, neck and trunk 2. Bones a. Skull (cranium) -facial bones and brain case b. Hyoid bone -found in the neck -supports tongue c. Vertebral column -vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

14. d. Thoracic cage -ribs and sternum B. Appendicular Skeleton 1. consists of upper and lower limbs 1. Bones a. Pectoral girdle -scapula, clavicle b. Upper limbs -humerous, radius, ulna, carpals metacarpals, phalanges

15. c. Pelvic Girdle -coxa (hipbones) -form pelvis (connection b/t appendicular and axial d. Lower limbs -femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges C. Bone breakdown… 1. pg. 135 – 206 bones a. Terms…17 descriptions