1. Directional Terms Skeletal Structures Overview Types of Joints & Fractures

2. Directional Terms Skeletal Structures Overview Types of Joints & Fractures

3. Rostral (superior) Towards the head end The forehead rostral to the nose Term Definition Example Caudal (inferior) Towards the tail end/lower part The pelvis is caudal to the breastbone Ventral (anterior) Towards the front/belly of the body The sternum is ventral to the spine Dorsal (posterior) Towards the backside/behind of the body The spine is dorsal to the sternum

4. Medial Towards the inner side/midline The ribcage is medial to the arm Term Definition Example Lateral Towards the outer side The arms are lateral to the chest Proximal Close to the axial part of the body The elbow is proximal to the wrist Distal Towards the backside/behind of the body The spine is dorsal to the sternum

5. Support: Bones form the internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs.  leg bones act as pillars to support body trunk  rib cage supports the thoracic wall (chest) Protection: Bones protect vital & soft body organs (eg. skull protects the brain; vertebrae protects the spinal cord, etc.) Movement: Bones act as levers to move the body and its parts via controlling the tendons which connects to the muscles

6. Storage: Bones serve as a storehouse for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus (important for neural cells, muscle cells and blood clotting process). Blood cell formation (or hematopoiesis): Certain bones’ marrow cavities have the ability to make and renew red blood cells. There are 206 bones In the human body!

7. Bones are classified according to shape into four (4) groups: a) Long bonec) Flat bone b) Short bone d) Irregular bone

8. Skull Thoracic cage Vertebral column Upper Limb Lower Limb

9. The skeleton is divided into two (2) parts: Axial skeleton:  forms the longitudinal axis of the body  makes up of 75 bones  consists of a) the skull b) vertebral column c) thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton:  is the auxiliary appendages of the body  makes up of 131 bones  consists of a) limbs b) pectoral & pelvic girdles

10. Cranium ClavicleScapula RibHumerus Radius Ulna Vertebra Pelvis Sacrum Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibular Calcaneus Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

11. Other than the hyoid bone in the neck, every bone is connected or jointed to at least one other bone There are three (3) types of joints (c) (d) (e) Cartilaginous Joints (a) (f) (g) (h) (b) Synovial Joints Fibrous Joints

12. Structural ClassCharacteristicsTypesMobility?

13. Structural ClassCharacteristicsTypesMobility? Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers Suture (short fibres) no

14. Structural ClassCharacteristicsTypesMobility? Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers Suture (short fibres) no Cartilaginous Bone ends/parts united by cartiliage Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly

15. Structural ClassCharacteristicsTypesMobility? Fibrous Bone ends/parts united by collagenic fibers Suture (short fibres) no Cartilaginous Bone ends/parts united by cartiliage Symphysis (fibrocartilage) slightly Synovial Bone ends/parts covered with articular cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with synovial membrane Plane Hinge Pivot Saddle Ball and socket Condyloid yes

16. Fracture typeIllustrationDescriptionComment

17. Fracture typeIllustrationDescriptionComment Comminuted Break into many small fragments Common in old people where bones are brittle

18. Fracture typeIllustrationDescriptionComment Comminuted Break into many small fragments Common in old people where bones are brittle Compression Depressed Bone is crushed Broken bone is pressed inward Typical of skull fracture

19. Fracture typeIllustrationDescriptionComment Comminuted Break into many small fragments Common in old people where bones are brittle Compression Depressed Bone is crushed Broken bone is pressed inward Typical of skull fracture Spiral Broken bones result from excessive twisting forces Common sports fracture/ physical abuse

20. Fracture typeIllustrationDescriptionComment Comminuted Break into many small fragments Common in old people where bones are brittle Compression Depressed Bone is crushed Broken bone is pressed inward Typical of skull fracture Spiral Broken bones result from excessive twisting forces Common sports fracture/ physical abuse Greenstick Bone breaks incompletely like green twigs Common in children where bones are flexible