1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Stress and Conflict Chapter Eight

2. Learning Objectives Define the meaning of stress. Identify the extraorganizational, organizational, and group stressors. Examine individual dispositions of stress. Describe intraindividual and interactive conflict. Discuss the effects of stress and conflict. Present strategies for coping/managing stress and negotiation skills for conflict resolution.

3. Introduction Stress and conflict are conceptually similar –Conflict: individuals, groups, and organizations –Stress and conflict: individual level

4. Emergence of Stress Contemporary environment demands –Technostress Stress is, and is not –Hindrance stressors –Challenge stressors –Job stress –Stress is not: Simply anxiety Simply nervous tension Necessarily something damaging, bad, or to be avoided. Burnout

5. Causes of Stress Categories affecting occupational stress

6. Causes of Stress Continued Extraorganizational stressors –Societal/technological change –Globalization –Family, relocation, economic and financial conditions –Sociological-demographic –Residential or community conditions

7. Causes of Stress Continued Organizational stressors

8. Causes of Stress Continued Group stressors –Lack of group cohesiveness –Lack of social support Individual stressors: role of dispositions –Type A characteristics –Personal control –Learned helplessness –Psychological hardiness

9. Causes of Stress Continued Individual stressors (continued) –Type A characteristics

10. Intraindividual Conflict Conflict in organizational behavior

11. Intraindividual Conflict Continued Conflict due to frustration

12. Intraindividual Conflict Continued Goal conflict –Approach-approach conflict –Approach-avoidance conflict –Avoidance-avoidance conflict Role conflict and ambiguity –The person and the role –Intrarole –Interrole

13. Interactive Conflict Interpersonal conflict –Personal differences –Information deficiency –Role incompatibility –Environmental stress Intergroup behavior and conflict –Competition for resources –Task interdependence –Jurisdictional ambiguity –Status struggles

14. Effect of Stress and Intra-individual Conflict Physical problems –Immune system problems –Cardiovascular system problems –Musculoskeletal system problems –Gastrointestinal system problems Psychological problems –Anger, anxiety, depression, nervousness, irritability, tension, and boredom

15. Effect of Stress and Intra-individual Conflict Continued Behavioral problems –Direct behaviors include under-eating or overeating, sleeplessness, increased smoking and drinking, and drug abuse.

16. Coping Strategies for Stress and Conflict Individual coping strategies –Exercise –Relaxation –Behavioral self-control –Cognitive therapy –Networking Organizational coping strategies –Reorganization initiatives –Work and life benefit policies and programs

17. Coping Strategies for Stress and Conflict Continued Organizational coping strategies (continued) –In case of downsizing: Be proactive Acknowledge survivors’ emotions Communicate after the downsizing Clarify new roles

18. Negotiation Skills: Going Beyond Conflict Management Traditional negotiation approaches –Distributive bargaining –Positional bargaining

19. Negotiation Skills: Going Beyond Conflict Management Continued Contemporary negotiation skills –Use of skills Establishing superordinate goals Separating the people from the problem Focusing on interests, not on positions Inventing options for mutual gain Using objective criteria –Based on degree of risk Low-risk negotiation techniques High-risk negotiation techniques

20. Questions