1. 1 Remote Sensing and Image Processing: 7 Dr. Mathias (Mat) Disney UCL Geography Office: 301, 3rd Floor, Chandler House Tel: 7670 4290 (x24290) Email: mdisney@geog.ucl.ac.uk www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney

2. 2 Optical sensors –Spatial and spectral resolutions Choices we make for different applications Trade-offs of coverage against detail Today…..

3. 3 What do we mean by “resolution” in RS context –OED: the effect of an optical instrument in making the separate parts of an object distinguishable by the eye. Now more widely, the act, process, or capability of rendering distinguishable the component parts of an object or closely adjacent optical or photographic images, or of separating measurements of similar magnitude of any quantity in space or time; also, the smallest quantity which is measurable by such a process. Resolution

4. 4 Even more broadly Not just spatial.... –Ability to separate other properties pertinent to RS Spectral resolution –location, width and sensitivity of chosen bands Temporal resolution –time between observations Radiometric resolution –precision of observations (NOT accuracy!) Resolution

5. 5 Ability to separate objects in x,y Spatial resolution Shrink by factor of 8

6. 6 Smallest object we can determine on surface –Ranges from 5km Function of altitude of sensor….. –Further away we are, lower resolution for fixed system ….and optics of instrument –More powerful the telescope we use, more detail we see BUT smaller area we can cover So tradeoff detail (high spatial resolution) v coverage (lower spatial resolution) Spatial resolution

7. 7 –formal definiton: a measure of smallest angular or linear separation between two objects that can be resolved by sensor Determined in large part by Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) –IFOV is angular cone of visibility of the sensor (A) –determines area seen from a given altitude at a given time (B) –Area viewed is IFOV * altitude (C) –Known as ground resolution cell (GRC) or element (GRE) Spatial resolution

8. 8 Image pixels often idealised as rectangular array with no overlap In practice (e.g. MODIS) –IFOV not rectangular –function of swath width, detector design and scanning mechanism –see later.... IFOV and ground resolution MODIS home page: http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/

9. 9 Scan of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) –elliptical IFOV, increasing eccentricity with scan angle AVHRR IFOV

10. 10 mixed pixel (mixel) problem in discrete representation Aside: what’s in a pixel? Cracknell, A. P. (1998) Synergy in remote sensing: what’s in a pixel?, Int. Journ. Rem. Sens., 19(11), 2025-2047

11. 11 If we want to use RS data for anything other than qualitative analysis (pretty pictures) need to know –sensor spatial characteristics –sensor response (spectral, geometric) So.....?

12. 12 Examples High (10s m to < m) Moderate (10s - 100s) Low (km and beyond) Jensen, table 1-3, p13.

13. 13 Low v high spatial resolution? From http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/specs.html What is advantage of low resolution? –Can cover wider area –High res. gives more detail BUT may be too much data Earth’s surface ~ 500x10 6 km 2 ~ 500x10 6 km 2 At 10m resolution 5x10 12 pixels (> 5x10 6 MB per band, min.!) At 1km, 500MB per band per scene minimum - manageable (ish) –On the other hand if interested in specific region urban planning or crop yields per field, 1km pixels no good, need few m, but only small area Tradeoff of coverage v detail (and data volume)

14. 14 Spectral resolution Measure of wavelength discrimination –Measure of smallest spectral separation we can measured –Determined by sensor design detectors: CCD semi-conductor arrays Different materials different response at different e.g. AVHRR has 4 different CCD arrays for 4 bands –In turn determined by sensor application visible, SWIR, IR, thermal??

15. 15 Tradeoffs Notice how concept of tradeoff keeps cropping up –We almost always have to achieve compromise between greater detail (spatial, spectral, temporal, angular etc) and range of coverage –Can’t cover globe at 1cm resolution!! –Resolution determined by application (and limitations of sensor design, cost etc.)

16. 16 Recap: continuous spectrum Where do we look?? Remember atmospheric windows!

17. 17 Spectral resolution Characterised by full width at half- maximum (FWHM) response –bandwidth > 100nm –but use FWHM to characterise: –100nm in this case From: Jensen, J. (2000) Remote sensing: an earth resources perspective, Prentice Hall. Ideal bandpass function

18. 18 Spectral information: vegetation vegetation

19. 19 Broadband & narrowband From http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/specs.html AVHRR 4 channels, 2 vis/NIR, 2 thermal –broad bands hence less spectral detail Ch1: 0.58-0.68  m Ch2: 0.73-1.1  m Ch3: 1.58-1.64  m Ch4,5: 10.5-11.5 & 11.5 - 12.5  m

20. 20 Broadband & narrowband From http://www.chris-proba.org.uk CHRIS-PROBA –different choice –for water applications –coastal zone colour studies –phytoplankton blooms

21. 21 Multispectral concept Measure in several (many) parts of spectrum –Exploit physical properties of spectral reflectance (vis, IR) –emissivity (thermal) to discriminate cover types From http://www.cossa.csiro.au/hswww/Overview.htm

22. 22 Multispectral concept MODIS: 36 bands, but not contiguous –Spatial Resolution: 250 m (bands 1-2), 500 m (bands 3-7), 1000 m (bands 8-36) –Why the difference across bands?? bbody curves for reflected (vis/NIR) & emitted (thermal) From http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/specs.html

23. 23 MODIS: fires over Sumatra, Feb 2002 From http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?12163 Use thermal bands to pick fire hotspots –brightness temperature much higher than surrounding

24. 24 Multi/hyperspectral Multispectral: more than one band Hyperspectral: usually > 16 contiguous bands –x,y for pixel location, “z” is –e.g. AVIRIS “data cube” of 224 bands –AVIRIS (Airborne Visible and IR Imaging Spectroradiometer) x y z From http://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov/ & http://www.cossa.csiro.au/hswww/Overview.htm

25. 25 Examples Some panchromatic (single broad bands) Many multispectral A few hyperspectral Jensen, table 1-3, p13.

26. 26 Broadband v narrowband? What is advantage of broadband? –Collecting radiation across broader range of per band, so more photons, so more energy –Narrow bands give more spectral detail BUT less energy, so lower signal –More bands = more information to store, transmit and process –BUT more bands enables discrimination of more spectral detail Trade-off again

27. 27 Recap Spatial resolution –IFOV, FOV, GRE and PSF Spectral resolution –Choice of bands and bandwidth Tradeoffs –Higher resolution means more detail, but more data –Also higher resolution means lower energy i.e. needs more sensitive detectors

28. 28 Practical Assessed practical –Supervised classification of Churn Farm image –Set up training data (choose regions of interest) ROIs –Look at class extents in feature space b1 v b2, b1 v b3, b2 v b3 are classes too broad in which case change / redo them? –Try various classifications –Accuracy? –Maybe try unsupervised?