1. Japanese Internment http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/99/fear/gallery.html

2. Let’s look at The Pacific Ocean.

3. In Japan, expansionists had long dreamed of creating a vast colonial empire

4. Failure of League of Nations In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the depression. In 1931, Japan was hit badly by the depression. –People lost faith in the government –Turned to the army to find a solution. First, the Japanese army invaded Manchuria in China, an area rich in minerals and resources Set up 1919 GOAL – help keep world safe BUT Not all countries joined League had no power League had no army Unable to act quickly – only met 4 x’s a year

5. Again…Failure of League of Nations China (member L of N) appealed to the League for help China (member L of N) appealed to the League for help Response  The Japanese government (member L of N) were told to order the army to leave Manchuria immediately. Response  The Japanese government (member L of N) were told to order the army to leave Manchuria immediately. –However, the army took no notice of the government and continued its conquest of Manchuria.

6. Again…Failure of League of Nations The League then called for countries to stop trading with Japan but because of the depression many countries did not want to risk losing trade and did not agree to the request. The League then made a further call for Japan to withdraw from Manchuria but Japan's response was to leave the League of Nations (1934).

7. Connecting Japan to Germany In 1936…The Japanese signed a pact with Nazi Germany because Germany looked like it would become the preeminent power in the West

8. Japanese occupation of China. By 1938 there were 1 million Japanese troops in China. By 1938 there were 1 million Japanese troops in China. –By 1941 … 2 million troops HOWEVER NOT ENOUGH - Japan could occupy only key areas and cities HOWEVER NOT ENOUGH - Japan could occupy only key areas and cities Out of fear and retaliation against Chinese they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’ Out of fear and retaliation against Chinese they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’ (‘Kill all, burn all, destroy all’) (‘Kill all, burn all, destroy all’) General Okamura implemented the policy in Northern China

9. * BUT this brought the Japanese into conflict with other colonial powers (France, Britain, Netherlands) However by 1941, France and Netherlands had fallen to Germany – Britain was too busy fighting Hitler to block Japan - so the only one in the way… UNITED STATES !

10. The Japanese army rapidly advanced through China, Indo-China, Malaya, and Indonesia. Began taking over French military bases in Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) - Some Asian people welcome them as liberators from western Imperialists HOWEVER…soon they were generally feared as new imperialists, not as Asian liberators HOWEVER…soon they were generally feared as new imperialists, not as Asian liberators They treated non- Japanese peoples with ruthlessness, cruelty and severity. They treated non- Japanese peoples with ruthlessness, cruelty and severity.

11. On Feb. 5, 1938, A Chinese woman surveys the remains of her family, all of whom met death by the Japanese during Japanese occupation of Nanking,China

12. Japanese soldiers execute captured Chinese soldiers with bayonets in a trench as other Japanese soldiers watch from rim

13. Take a look at the Imperial Japanese expansion up to 1941 (in brown)

14. Japanese Soldiers… Highly skilled in attack, defense, and jungle warfare. Highly skilled in attack, defense, and jungle warfare. Highly motivated to defend their Emperor and their land to the death. Highly motivated to defend their Emperor and their land to the death.

15. U.S. disliked the Japanese move of expansion and invasion…

16. So they cut off trade with Japan The embargoed (def: prohibited) goods included one thing that Japan couldn’t live without… OIL Japanese military leaders warned without oil – Japan could be defeated  Either negotiate with US or look to seize oil fields in Dutch East Indies

17. In October, the Japanese General Hideki Tojo became Prime Minister of Japan When he met with the Japanese Emperor Hirohito, Tojo PROMISED the government would try one more time to make peace with U.S. *If peace talk failed – war would be the only option **He also knew that because America is bigger and more powerful than Japan a surprise assault is the only realistic way to defeat her…

18. And so… On the same day as a special “peace” envoy was flying to the United States, Tojo ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack on the U.S. On the same day as a special “peace” envoy was flying to the United States, Tojo ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack on the U.S.

19. December 7th 1941-the ‘day of infamy’ Infamy  strong condemnation as the result of a shameful, criminal, or outrageous act

20. Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the Japanese Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. During that time, more than 119,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two- thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. During that time, more than 119,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two- thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. (www.usatoday.com/.../contenttemplate14.htm)www.usatoday.com/.../contenttemplate14.htm The attack of Pearl Harbor shocked the American public, resulting in widespread hysteria and paranoia...

21. The unannounced attack at Pearl Harbor was presented to the American populace as an act of treachery and cowardice. Anti-Japanese Sentiment and Propaganda followed: EX: many non-governmental "Jap hunting licenses" were circulated around the country. What was it? A faux-official document, button or medallion that purported to authorize "open season" on "hunting" the Japanese, despite the fact that over a quarter of a million Americans at that time were of Japanese origin. Some reminded holders that there was "no limit" on the number of "Japs" they could "hunt or trap".Japs These "licenses" often characterized Japanese people as sub-human. Many of the “Jap Hunting Licenses”, for example, depicted the Japanese in animalistic fashion.

22. Anti-Japanese Sentiment Bugs Bunny and Nips the Nips Bugs Bunny and Nips the Nips Bugs Bunny and Nips the Nips Nip - offensive term for a person of Japanese descent. *short for Nipponese (means "Japanese,“) – 1859 *from Nippon, Japanese word for "Japan”

23. Dec 8 th Speech by FDR The opinions that Roosevelt mentions are the anti- Japanese sentiments that were an immediate reaction to the surprise attacks The opinions that Roosevelt mentions are the anti- Japanese sentiments that were an immediate reaction to the surprise attacks " The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation."

24. Opinion in US Military – Lt Gen. John DeWitt Repeatedly told newspapers that "A Jap's a Jap" and testified to Congress: Repeatedly told newspapers that "A Jap's a Jap" and testified to Congress: I don't want any of them [persons of Japanese ancestry] here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still a Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty... But we must worry about the Japanese all the time until he is wiped off the map. Later administered the Japanese internment program

25. Fear of Japanese disloyalty (SPIES) towards the United States was common among many Americans. Terms: (Japanese Language) –Issei: those born in Japan, regarded by the U.S. government as ineligible for U.S. citizenship and could not own land –Nisei: those born to Japan parents, thus U.S. citizens. A 1942 poll reflected the feelings of American citizens towards the Japanese. "Japanese [...] were said to be 'treacherous, sly, cruel, and warlike' though also 'hardworking and intelligent'“  Several positive aspects of Japanese Americans BUT the negative comments were overwhelming and reflected the views of the majority of Americans at the time.  Japanese Americans were instantly considered to be dangerous as they were expected to take part in sabotage or espionage for Axis Powers. America’s THOUGHT and FEAR – Japan would attack again

26. Events Leading to Internment  After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor  that very day – prominent Japanese leaders were rounded up by FBI  Ransacked houses – radios, cameras (any type of collaboration with Japan)  1200 detained withOUT charges  Japanese response – burn personal items (pictures, letters) from Japan Succumbing to bad advice and popular opinion, President Roosevelt signed an executive order in February 1942, rdering the RELOCATION of all Americans of Japanese ancestry to internment camps in the interior of the United States.

27. Opposition of the Relocation for American Japanese  The Japanese Americans showed that they were true patriots by joining up and reciting the “Pledge of Allegiance” and singing patriotic songs such as “The Star-Spangled Banner”.  Why go willing?  “We wanted to show Americans we aren’t dangerous people” AND THEY LOST EVERYTHING AND THEY LOST EVERYTHING

28. Answer - protection against espionage and sabotage (national defense) of material, premises, and utilities Look at the Homework Look at the Homework 1) What was the rationale (reasoning) of the internment camps? 2) What will the Federal Government provide? 1)Transportation 2)Food 3)Shelter and other necessary accommodations 4)Medical Aid and Hospitalization 5)Clothing 6)Use of land 7)Supplies, equipment, utilities, facilities, and services

29. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 1942. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 1942. Empowered the U.S. Army to designate areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded." Empowered the U.S. Army to designate areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded." Had 10 days to: Had 10 days to: –Register family –Prepare to leave their homes 110,000 surrendered to Assembly Centers 40% children 70% WERE AMERICAN CITIZENS

30. Those of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast (Washington, Oregon, California) were to be relocated away from West Coast Those of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast (Washington, Oregon, California) were to be relocated away from West Coast WHO and WHERE?  WHO and WHERE?  March 18, 1942 The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. March 18, 1942 The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the War Relocation Authority (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. Create 10 sites Create 10 sites

31. FDR creates - War Relocation Authority(WRA) Centers

32. Internment Camp Locations

33. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0306a.gif Japanese near trains during Relocation Internment refers to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people.

34. How the Internment was Viewed…Concentration Camps  Ones who were for the internment simply called internees “residents”, but Roosevelt privately referred the camps as “concentration camps”.  Many who were against the internment called it prejudice and called them concentration camps publicly against the War Relocation Authority.

35. So, let’s take a look at life in one of these Internment Camps Internment CampsInternment Camps (www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm)www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm

36. Excerpt from Lillian Hanansushi, “My Life” Then [there was] that fatal day of Dec. 7, 1941. Japan declared war on the United States. It seemed impossible for me for I never dreamed of war coming to the United States. The day after the war began I did not want to go to school for I felt my Caucasian and Negro friends would dislike me, but they told me not to feel so bad, for it was not I who declared the war. So school [went] on very smoothly…I attended high school for a short time because evacuation orders were being given out by the government. Many Japanese Americans said it was unfair to them because they were American citizens who had the right of any other American citizen. But I didn’t mind because I would go anywhere my parents would go.

37. Life in Internment Camps “…families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" “…families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" - Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians" (www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm)www.trumanlibrary.org/.../20-2311a.htm

38. Gila River Interment Camp- "In desert camps, the evacuees met severe extremes of temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to discomfort." - Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. "In desert camps, the evacuees met severe extremes of temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to discomfort." - Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.

39. Life in Manzanar Bus heading for camp Bus heading for camp

40. Internment Ends  The Supreme Court ruled the imprisonment of loyal citizens unconstitutional in December 1944 (arrived in 1942).  The ruling led to the government bringing individuals back to the West Coast on early 1945.  The Japanese Americans were given $25 and a free ticket ride back to their homes.  Some migrated back to Japan, but most stayed to rebuild their lives. Fred Korematsu was a Japanese- American man who decided to stay in San Leandro, California and knowingly violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.San Leandro, CaliforniaU.S. Army - Argued that the Executive Order 9066 was unconstitutional and that it violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. - Felt that “people should have a fair trial and a chance to defend their loyalty at court in a democratic way, because in this situation, people were placed in imprisonment without any fair trial.

41. Aftermath and Compensation of Internment  In 1988, President Ronald Regan signed legislation that Congress implemented called the Civil Liberties Act  Apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry.  Congress declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II.

42. Want to know more… Want to know more…