1. The Planting of English America
Chapter 2
The Planting of English America

2. Bell Ringer
What event signaled the beginning of the end for the Spanish empire in the New World? Explain.

3. 1500-1733 1610; Spanish in Santa Fe 1608; French were at Quebec
1607; English were at Jamestown, Virginia

4. England’s Imperial Stirrings

5. England’s Imperial Stirrings…
1500s GB failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts
King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s
Launches the English Protestant Reformation  intensifies the rivalry with Catholic Spain
After Elizabeth I becomes Queen GB becomes protestant (CAUSE/ EFFECT)
Catholic Ireland seeks Spain’s help in revolting against England  English crush the uprising brutally  sneering attitude towards natives is developed
North America in 1600  largely unclaimed (Spanish had control of Central and South America)

6. Elizabeth Energizes England

7. Elizabeth Energizes England
1580 Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe  pirated Spanish ships for gold (4600% profit)  Knighted on his ship by Queen Elizabeth I  This reward angers the Spanish  Spanish seek revenge
England attempts colonizing failed miserably
Sir Walter Raleigh  1585, North Carolina’s Roanoke Island (off the coast of Virginia)  mysteriously disappears “The Lost Colony.
Spanish seek revenge (Francis Drake)  Spanish attempt to attack (English Channel)  Spanish Armada  GB fights back  inflicts heavy damage  Spanish lost  “Beginning of the end”
Opens the door for GB to cross the Atlantic  take over the lead in colonization and power
Victory also fuels England to new heights due to:
1. Strong government/ popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of nationalism
2. Golden age of literature (Shakespeare), self-confidence, vibrant patriotism, and “boundless faith in the future of the English nation”.
3. Beginning of GB dominance at sea (last for quite a bit  until U.S tops them in 1900s)
GB and Spain finally sign a peace treaty in 1604.

8. England on the Eve of the Empire

9. 1500s; GB population “mushrooming” = growing.
Issues in England
1500s; GB population “mushrooming” = growing.
3 million people 1550
4 million people 1600
New policies adopted  enclosures (fencing in land) for farming  less to no land  tenant farming
Woolen districts (eastern and western England) fall upon harsh economic times  workers lost jobs
Primogeniture tradition  1st born inherits ALL father’s land younger sons of rich fold wouldn’t inherit money (Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake)  forced to try their luck in America
1600s; Joint-stock companies are perfected  investors put $$ into a company with hopes for a good return  forerunner of today’s corporations

10. England Plants the Jamestown Seeding

11. Winter of 1609-1610; “Starving time”
1606; Virginia Company receives charter for King James I to make a settlement in the New World.
Main attraction = promise of gold and the strong desire to come through America to the Indies.
Virginia Co. intended to only endure for a few years  stockholders invested hopes to form the company, turn a profit, and then quickly sell for a profit
Charter of Virginia Co. guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishmen in GB
May 24, 1607; 100 English settlers disembarked from their ship and founded Jamestown.
40 colonists perished during the voyage
Problems emerged: 1. swampy site of Jamestown = poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever
2. Men wasted time looking for gold vs. doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops)
3. ZERO women on the initial trip
1608; Captain John Smith took over control and whipped the colonists into shape
“He shall not work, shall not eat” main contribution = discipline
Kidnapped by local Indians (December 1607)  forced into a “mock” execution by Chief Powhatan  “saved” by Pocahontas  act meant to show that the Powhatan wanted peaceful relations with the colonists
Winter of ; “Starving time”
Colonists had to eat cats, dogs, rats, even other people
“Powdered wife” for dinner?
1610; Lord De La Warr  relief party  alleviated suffering  imposed a harsh military regime on the colony  took military action against the natives
1625; out of an original overall total of 8000 would-be settlers, only 1200 had survived

12. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake

13. Originally Powhatan considered new colonist potential allies  colonists eventually raided Indian food supplies, villages and torched cornfields  relations deteriorated  war occurs.
The First Anglo-Powhatan War ends in 1614  marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe  tobacco “tycoon”
1622; Indians struck again (pressed by the land hungry whites) with a series of attacks that left 347 settlers (including Rolfe) dead
The Second Anglo-Powhatan War began in  one last attempt to dislodge the Virginians  any thought of assimilating the natives into Virginian society or living in peace is vanished  fully separated (reservation system) banished Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral land
Settlers began to grow their own food  Indians then were useless  banished

14. Indians’ New World

15. Arrival of Europeans sets a series of vast changes for Native Americans
Horses were brought by the Spaniards to transform Indian lifestyles (Columbian exchange)  Especially Sioux who had become experts at buffalo hunting while horseback
Disease  largest change to come to the New World  Indians were biological pathogens to fight white diseases  Tribes were shattered; Catawba nation emerged in Carolina piedmont as leftovers of broken tribes from all along the east coast
Longed for firearms  obtained them  violence increased VS whites and other Indians
European arrival rocked the institutions of Indian life and sent their lives spinning

16. Virginia: Child of Tobacco

17. Jamestown’s gold is found  tobacco
Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe  Jamestown had found it’s “gold”
Creates a greed for land  soil was heavily depleted and ruined the land
House of Burgesses sets the tone for autonomy  a committee to work out local issues  self government / self rule  King James I didn’t trust the House and made Virginia a colony of England in 1624
First African Americans to arrive in America also came in 1619  unclear if slaves or indentured servants

18. Maryland: Catholic Haven

19. Maryland prospered with tobacco
Religious Diversity
Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore  2nd plantation colony and 4th colony to be formed
Founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge  Lord Baltimore also had his own ambitions
Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives  Poorer people who settled there were mostly Protestant  creates friction
Maryland prospered with tobacco
Dependent heavily on indentured servants  penniless Europeans who bound themselves for a number of years to pay their passage to the New World
Black slavery becomes popular in the later years of the 1600s (Maryland and Virginia)
Lord Baltimore permitted unusual freedom of worship at the outset  Act of Toleration (1649); guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians  decreed death penalty to those who didn’t believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ
After colonial era, Maryland sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English speaking colony in the New World

20. The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America

21. By mid 17-century, England secured its claim to several West Indian Islands
As the British colonized Virginia, they also settled into the West Indies  Spain’s declining power opened the door
England’s claims also included Jamaica in 1655  grew lots of sugar on brutal plantations
Sugar was to the West Indies/ Caribbean what Tobacco to the Chesapeake - one crucial difference  Tobacco was a poor man’s crop while sugar was a rich man’s crop
Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantation  Initially Indians were intended to be used  disease killed an estimated 90% of all Native Americans  Africans were brought in
To control so many slaves, “codes” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of their masters  Barbados Slave Code of 1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and even allowed masters complete control over their laborers

22. Colonizing in the Carolinas

23. Civil War plagued England in the 1640s
Charles I dismissed parliament in 1629  recalls in 1640  members had found their “champion” in Oliver Cromwell  Charles I is beheaded
Cromwell had ruled England for 10 very strict years  tired Englishmen restored Charles II to the throne in the Restoration (after all the turmoil of the Civil War, GB just want back to a king)
Bloody period had interrupted colonization  Restoration Period  empire building resumes (& with royal involvement)
Carolina names after Charles II  created in 1670  Charles II grants 8 of his Lord Proprietors in the New World
Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies  Port of Charleston
Many original Carolina settlers had come from Barbados and brought in the strict slave codes for ruling slaves
Interestingly enough, Indians as slaves in Carolina was protested but to no avail  Indians were among the colony’s major exports sent to the West Indies to work, as well as New England
Rice emerges as the principle crop in Carolina  African slaves hired to work on rice plantations due to their resistance to malaria and just as importantly their familiarity with rice
Despite violence with Spanish and Indians, Carolina proved to be too strong to be wiped out

24. Emergence of North Carolina

25. Many newcomers to Carolina were “squatters” people who owned no land  usually down from Virginia
North Carolinians seen as religious dissenters  repelled by the rarefied atmosphere of Virginia  Church of England  built a reputation for being irreligious and hospitable to pirates
Developed a strong resistance to authority  geographic isolation from neighbors
Two “flavors” of Carolinians developed  A. aristocratic and wealthier down south around Charleston and rice & indigo plantations  B. Strong-willed and independent-minded up north on small tobacco farms
1722 North and South Carolina officially separated
1711 Tuscarora Indians attacked North Carolina  Carolinians responded by crushing the opposition  sold hundreds to slavery, the rest wandered north  Sixth Nation of the Iroquois Confederation

26. Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony

27. Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida  Spanish, Indians, runaway slaves  Enemy in French Louisiana
Founded in 1733 by a high-minded group of philanthropists  James Oglethorpe
Named of King George II  also meant to be a site for a second chance from wretched souls in debt
Oglethorpe (the ablest of the founders) repelled Spanish attacks  saved the “Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by using his own fortune to help with the colony
All Christians (except Catholics) enjoyed religious toleration  many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians  John Wesley  Methodism
Georgia grew very slowly

28. Plantation Colonies

29. Slavery was found in all of the plantation colonies
Growth of cities often stunted by forests
Establishment of schools and churches was difficult due to people being spread out
South tobacco and rice and some indigo in the tidewater region of SC
All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration
Confrontations with Native Americans were often

30. Makers of America: The Iroquois

31. In what is now New York State: The Iroquois League/ Confederation was once a great power
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayuga and the Senecas
Competed with neighboring Indians and later French, English and Dutch for supremacy
Longhouse  25 ft wide, over 200 ft long  occupied by blood related families on the mother’s side
Mohawks  middlemen for European traders
Senecas  fur suppliers
s  allied with British and French (whichever was more beneficial)
American Revolution breaks out  who to side with?  most sided with British but not all
Forced to reservations
Handsome Lake  warns his tribe’s people to mend their ways  longhouse religion

32. Did Pocahontas save John Smith? Pg. 1

33. Pg. 2 Questions

34. Pg. 3

35. Pg. 4

36. Pg. 5