1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9: Development The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Development The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) –AKA developed countries Lesser developed countries (LDCs) –AKA emerging or developing countries

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Economic indicators of development –The Human Development Index (HDI) Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: –Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita –Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education –Demographic = (4) life expectancy

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Economic indicators of development –Types of jobs Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector –Productivity Measured by the value added per capita MDCs are more productive than LDCs –Consumer goods

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Social indicators of development –Education and literacy The literacy rate –Health and welfare Diet (adequate calories) Access to health care

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Demographic indicators of development –Life expectancy Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s –Other demographic indicators: Infant mortality Natural increase Crude birth rate

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? More developed regions –North America and Europe –Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand Less developed regions –Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs –Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI –South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More and Less Developed Regions Figure 9-10

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) –Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes –Four measures (similar to HDI): Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males Percent of literate females to literate males Life expectancy of females to males

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) –Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics –Uses economic and political indicators: Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women Percentage of administrative jobs held by women Percentage of women holding national office

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Figure 9-22

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Progress Toward Development Figure 9-26

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Development Gap “The widening difference between development levels in more- and less- developed countries” –Last decade: GDPs tripled in MDCs but only doubled in LDCs –NIR fell by nearly 85% in MDC but by only 5% in LDC –north-south gap

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why the Development Gap? Two Camps Structuralist theories – argue LDC locked into a vicious cycle of entrenched underdevelopment by the global economic system that supports uneven structure –Dependency theory - argue political and economic relations between countries limit their ability to modernize and develop –European colonialism cause of dependency

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Wallerstein’s world systems analysis is an example of dependency perspective

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why the Development Gap? Two Camps Liberal Theories of Development: Claim development is a process through which all countries can move. Rostow’s modernization model – assumes all countries follow a similar path of development toward becoming modernized.

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Criticism of Rostow’s model Question applicability to all countries because based on western European and Anglo-American development patterns Does not account for roadblocks such as postcolonial dependency on former colonizer Considers each country as independent actor rather than part of interlocking system of countries

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing the Development Gap Two approaches 1. Development through self-sufficiency –Characteristics: Pace of development = modest Distribution of development = even Barriers are established to protect local business –Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers Two major problems with this approach: –Inefficient businesses are protected –A large bureaucracy is developed

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing the Development Gap Two approaches 2. Development through international trade –Rostow’s model of development –Examples of international trade approach The “four Asian dragons or tigers” (New Industrial Countries or NIC) Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states –Three major problems: Uneven resource distribution Increased dependence on MDCs Market decline

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. International trade approach triumphs –The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century –Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development Example: India –Countries will eventually develop comparative advantage over the rest of the world in producing that good or providing that service Example Japan

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Triumph of International Trade Approach Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Obstacles to Development Financing Development Political Stability Widespread disease (HIV/AIDS, Malaria) Environmental constraints (desertification, drought)

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Obstacles to Development Cultural gender inequality Foreign competition No foreign investment Uneducated work force Governmental mismanagement (Zimbabwe)

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Financing development –LDCs require money to fund development –Two sources of funds: Loans –The World Bank and the IMF –Structural adjustment programs Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Foreign Direct Investment Figure 9-30

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Debt as a Percentage of Income Figure 9-31

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Multinational corporations (MNCs) or transnational corporations Primary agents of globalization Ex. Wal-Mart, Citigroup, Nestle, etc. Outsourcing – practice of MNC to relocate a piece (or all) of its manufacturing operations to factories in other countries. Ex. Apple

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development? Fair trade approach –Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs –Two sets of standards Fair trade producer standards Fair trade worker standards –Producers and workers usually earn more –Consumers usually pay higher prices