2. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

3. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 2 Disaster Research Peek and Mileti identify a hazards adjustment paradigm: –Assess hazard vulnerability –Examine possible adjustments –Determine human perceptions and estimation of hazards –Analyze decision making processes –Identify best adjustments given social constraints and evaluate their effectiveness

4. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 3 Disaster Research Some organizations, businesses, and governments have disaster preparedness programs Peek and Mileti suggest a public warning response is a process includes: –Hearing the warning –Believing warning is credible –Confirming a threat exists and others are heeding it –Personalizing risk to oneself –Determining if protective action is needed and if it is feasible –Deciding what action to take and then taking it

5. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 4 Disaster Research (Deardorff, et al., 2003) In facilities with a large number of people, individuals tend to exhibit: –Irrational behavior –Model the actions of others –Expect other people to help the injured Alcohol, invasion of personal space, and fear of terrorism are factors that increase panic

6. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 5 Disaster Research In panic situations people need to be informed that they can use other exits: –People try to go out the way they came in –They ignore other exits that are closer Recommendations: –Train staff in safe evacuation practices –Know where people should exit –Use effective communication during an emergency

7. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 6 Safety of People Steps to safety preparedness: –Examine which areas in a building are vulnerable to hazards –Determine which areas elicit feelings of insecurity –Buildings should be analyzed during normal operating conditions and envision how people would react in a crisis situation

8. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 7 Safety of People Passageway problems can be filled with smoke, debris, and total darkness Emergency lighting can be very difficult or impossible to see through smoke Installing many light sources is important in the likelihood that walls collapse during an emergency

9. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 8 Safety of People Safety and insecurity concerns: –Disability glare –Dark areas –Shadows People unfamiliar with an environment are especially prone to being fearful during times of disorientation or an emergency

10. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 9 Safety of People Areas in a building vulnerable to hazards: –Staircases –Bathrooms –Kitchens –Any space that involves potentially dangerous tasks Tall buildings even under normal conditions can evoke feelings of fear and insecurity

11. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 10 Safety of People Staircases should be illuminated to have a clear distinction between risers and treads: –Effective lighting eliminates shadows on every step Primary safety area in bathrooms is the bathtub/shower: –Falls in showers and tubs is a major cause of death in people over 50 years of age

12. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 11 Lighting Systems and Safety Safety issues related to electricity: –Faulty wiring, frayed cords, and overloaded circuits Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs): –Shuts off power to an appliance when there is an interruption with electrical current –Wall receptacles within 6’ of water must have GFCIs

13. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 12 Lighting Systems and Safety Arc fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs): –Stop an electrical current when an arc is detected in defective electrical equipment or wiring –Can be installed on circuit-breaker panels

14. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 13 Lighting Systems and Safety Childproof electrical sockets should be installed in all rooms Individuals with visual impairments might require special illumination levels and aiming angles Emergency lighting equipped with visual and auditory signaling

15. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 14 Organizations Associated with Safety NFPA CPSC U.S. Uniform Building Code (UBC) International Building Code (IBC) Building Officials and Code Administrators International (BOCA) Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Occupational Safety and Health Administration Local fire officials and licensed electricians

16. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 15 Safety Codes National Electric Code Handbook (2002) –Lighting System Guidelines Article 410 Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures), Lampholders, and Lamps NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, 2003 Edition –Stipulates the type, location, and number of exit and emergency lighting fixtures

17. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 16 Lighting Systems and Safety Safety problems with lamps: –Fires –Explosions –Toxic chemicals –Over wattages –Incompatible lamp/luminaire systems Lamp type and wattages should always comply with manufacturers’ specifications

18. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 17 Lighting Systems and Safety Lamps for emergency and exit lighting have special considerations: –Emergency lighting operates in the event of a power failure Key to the safe operation of lighting systems is to follow electrical codes and manufacturers’ instructions

19. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 18 Lighting Systems and Safety Special features –Antivandalism devices –Protection from weather and ultraviolet radiation Features to operate under wet or cold conditions: –Fixtures should be watertight and corrosion-resistant

20. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 19 Wayfinding Factors to consider: –Characteristics of the site –Users of the space –Physical constraints –Safety codes –Operational policies –Accommodate needs of people with visual, auditory, and physical disabilities

21. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 20 Wayfinding Behavioral elements of the users of a space (Weisman): –Identifying one’s destination and moving toward the site –Following a path that leads to destination –Using signage and landmarks along path –Creating a mental image of path to the destination

22. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 21 Wayfinding Type and location of luminaires for signage should always be site-specific Example: –Lighting that is effective for a sign located in a dark area might not be effective in a room filled with daylight

23. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 22 Wayfinding Isobe, Helbing, & Nagatani Research: –When blind-folded people were told to find an exit they used their hands to move along the wall –When one individual finds an exit others recognize the location of the exit acoustically and move to the same exit –Average escape time becomes minimal for a specific finite number of people –Adding more exits does not increase efficiency of evacuation in the expected way

24. Chapter 14 Safety and Security © 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 23 Wayfinding Multiple means must be considered to help people evacuate a building Textured, directional signage, and using photoluminescent paints provide supplemental emergency information