Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Transport – Tuesday Test info AVG = 22 (Mercer’s class as well)  Range = 9 – 32 Most missed questions A B (98 of 122) (99 of 122) (89 of 122) 28 6 (105 of 122) Learning log quality has declined….changes coming Ignored cues Verbatim answers from yahoo answers, et al = learning Direct contradictions from earlier units….no retention Reading comprehension issues & questions not fully answered

Bennett students Lab notebooks onto cart by computer station 1st – top shelf 2nd – 2nd shelf 4th – top shelf Mercer’s students Any needs? He will attend to on Monday Food items – take to his room & log into notebook Need someone to help with attendance…thank you! ALL students Test corrections due Monday Clean up after yourselves when leaving please Cell phones into bin – muted or off – please & thank you! Welcome to AP Biology College Lecture Hall!!! - Participation is important – NO social loafing!  What do you know about Cellular Respiration?

powers most cellular work
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Why is respiration important? Consumption of food & oxygen to produce CO2, water & energy C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy

Why is respiration important? Consumption of food & oxygen to produce CO2, water & energy C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) Exergonic rxn releases -686 kcal/mol using redox rxns All foods can be metabolized as fuel (carbs, proteins, fats,)

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? Reduction & oxidation LEO says GER Loss of Electrons – Oxidation : Gain of Electrons – Reduction ┌----oxidation-----┐ C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat) └----reduction----┘

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Oxidative Mitochondrion

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? Glucose is split in the cytosol 10 steps NO oxygen needed

Energy investment phase
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP used formed Glucose 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 2 NAD+ + 4 e- + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H +

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made in glycolysis? Substrate-level phosphorylation – ATP produced from the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP ATP made one at a time Enzyme ATP ADP Product Substrate P +

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? NAD+ - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Coenzyme (derived from niacin, a vitamin) Accepts 2 e- and a H+

NAD+ H O O– P CH2 HO OH N+ C NH2 N Nicotinamide (oxidized form) + 2[H] (from food) Dehydrogenase Reduction of NAD+ Oxidation of NADH 2 e– + 2 H+ 2 e– + H+ NADH Nicotinamide (reduced form) H+

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? Active transport across double membrane 3 step process

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NADH + H+ NAD+ 2 3 1 CO2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA S CoA C CH3 O Transport protein O–

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? Mitochondrial matrix 8 steps Spins 2X per glucose (1X for each pyruvate)

Oxidative phosphorylation
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy NAD+ ATP 2 CO2 3 NAD+ 3 NADH + 3 H+ ADP + P i FAD FADH2 Citric acid cycle CoA Acetyl CoA NADH + H+ CO2 Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? 4 total, 2 from glycolysis & 2 from Krebs Cycle ALL from substrate-level phosphorylation

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? - 10 NADH - 2 FADH2

Test corrections Stapled BEHIND test Place in box Lab notebooks – give to me Current learning log – on-line Transport tomorrow This week Mon – Ch 9 Tues – Finish Ch 9 & begin Case Study Wed – Finish Case Study Thurs – Lab – Respiration – Dress up for Halloween??? Fri – OFF….for you Cell phones in bin – muted or off….please & thank you

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? - redox rxns in inner mitochondrial membrane - electrons flow from electron carriers to electronegative O2 - electron carriers “break the fall” 12. Why do electron carriers NEED to “break the fall?”

H2 + 1/2 O2 2 H 1/2 O2 (from food via NADH) 2 H e– 2 H+ 2 e– H2O Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP Electron transport chain Free energy, G (b) Cellular respiration (a) Uncontrolled reaction Explosive release of heat and light energy +

Figure 9.13 Free-energy change during electron transport
Glycolysis Citirc acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP H2O O2 NADH FADH2 FMN Fe•S O FAD Cyt b Cyt c1 Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a3 2 H + + 12 I II III IV Multiprotein complexes 10 20 30 40 50 Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) Redox reactions between each carrier Each carrier is more electronegative than the previous one O2 is the final electron acceptor Protons are pumped to the inner membrane space

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” How is ATP made during chemiosmosis?

Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ P i + ADP ATP A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic Phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation
Figure 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis Oxidative phosphorylation electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP Inner Mitochondrial membrane H+ P i Protein complex of electron carners Cyt c I II III IV (Carrying electrons from food) NADH FADH2 NAD+ FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow Of H+ back across the membrane synthase Q Oxidative phosphorylation Intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix Citirc acid cycle 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP

Figure 9.16 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? What happens when there is no O2? - anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

Figure 9.18 Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism
Glucose CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O2 present Fermentation O2 present Cellular respiration Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRION Citric acid cycle

(a) Alcohol fermentation (b) Lactic acid fermentation
Figure 9.17 Fermentation 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation P i 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation H OH CH3 C O– O CO2 2 +2 H+

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? What happens when there is no O2? How do the other foods we eat get catabolized?

Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food
Amino acids Sugars Glycerol Fatty Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- P Pyruvate Acetyl CoA NH3 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Fats - Even numbered fatty acid chains Beta oxidation – catabolized to 2-carbon units

Why is respiration important? What are redox rxns? What are the 3 main steps of respiration? What happens during glycolysis? How is the ATP made? How do electrons get from glucose to O2? How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria for the Krebs Cycle? What happens during the Citric Acid Cycle? How many ATP so far? How many electron carriers so far? What happens during electron transport? Why do electrons NEED to “break the fall?” How is ATP made during chemiosmosis? What happens when there is no O2? How do the other foods we eat get catabolized? How is cellular respiration controlled?

Figure 9.20 The control of cellular respiration
Glucose Glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Inhibits Pyruvate ATP Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Citrate Oxidative phosphorylation Stimulates AMP + – Allosteric regulation of PFK Phosphofructokinase ATP & Citrate allosteric inhibitors AMP allosteric activator

Students Pick up handout – Case Study Transport today We are in Mercer’s classroom tomorrow Cell phones in bin – off or muted – please & thank you

Story time Glucose Respiration Glycolysis Shuttle Refrigerator NADH & NAD+ Book Moving ATP Mr. Bennett or Allan Process Blonde Pyruvate Redox Oxygen Electron Pen Phosphofructokinase Citric acid cycle Chemiosmosis ATP synthase H+ Water Elephant Turtle

Students…please get: ½ sheet handout Learning logs from 1st table Turn in “Respiration Stories” to box Transport - TODAY

Respiration Pictographs
Today you will construct pictographs on the topics listed below. Your groups will create this pictograph using a fun & creative example to tell the story of the process. Your pictograph will include where each process occurs, who the main players are, and what their role is. Then EACH of you will write a paragraph indicating how each of your symbols from the pictograph represents the biology of the process. You will present these pictographs tomorrow. Topics: Glycolysis (Figure 9.8) Citric Acid Cycle (Figure 9.11) Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport (Fig & 9.15) Oxidative Phosphorylation: Chemiosmosis (Figure 9.14 & 9.15) Anaerobic respiration (Figure 9.17)

Announcements Transport – today – all day & 4:30 Pre-Lab – tomorrow Lab 5: Cellular Respiration Using mealworms instead of peas Get lab notebook Checked for “turned in” Content check later If I have jury duty 1st, 4th, & 7th periods – meet in Mr. Mercer’s room 2nd & 3rd – meet in Media Center Absent Sarah M. Jillian Autumn Jamese David Katherine

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

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