1. Biology: The Study of Life! Living Organisms

2. Living Vs. Non-Living  Can you classify something that is living versus something that is non-living?

3. The Characteristics of all Living Organisms  What makes something “alive”?  All living things have  Cellular organization  Contain similar chemicals  Use energy  Respond to their surroundings  Grow, develop, and reproduce

4. Cellular Organization  Cell- the basic unit of structure and function in an organism  Organisms can be:  Unicellular- single celled  Multicellular- composed of many cells

5. The Chemicals of Life  Water  Carbohydrates (main energy source)  Proteins and lipids (the building blocks of cells)  Nucleic acids (genetic material)

6. Energy use, Growth and Development  Living organisms need energy to do everything!!  Growth- to become larger  Development- the process of change that occurs to produce a more complex organism  Reproduction- to produce offspring

7. Responding to Surroundings  Stimuli- changes in temperature, light, sound, and other factors  Response- an action or change in behavior

8. The Needs of Living Things  What do you need to live?  Water  Food  Living Space  Stable internal conditions  Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions

9. Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

10. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

11. Prokaryotic  Do not have structures surrounded by membranes  Few internal structures  One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

12. Eukaryotic  Contain organelles surrounded by membranes  Most living organisms PlantAnimal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

13. “ Typical ” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu /~ acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

14. Cell Parts Organelles

15. Surrounding the Cell

16. Cell Membrane  Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell  Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

17. Cell Wall  Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria  Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

18. Inside the Cell

19. Nucleus  Directs cell activities  Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane  Contains genetic material - DNA

20. Nuclear Membrane  Surrounds nucleus  Made of two layers  Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

21. Chromosomes  In nucleus  Made of DNA  Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

22. Nucleolus  Inside nucleus  Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

23. Cytoplasm  Gel-like mixture  Surrounded by cell membrane  Contains hereditary material

24. Endoplasmic Reticulum  Moves materials around in cell  Smooth type: lacks ribosomes  Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

25. Ribosomes  Each cell contains thousands  Make proteins  Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

26. Mitochondria  Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates  Controls level of water and other materials in cell  Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

27. Golgi Bodies  Protein 'packaging plant'  Move materials within the cell  Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

28. Lysosome  Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates  Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal  Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

29. Vacuoles  Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal  Contains water solution  Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

30. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif “ Typical ” Plant Cell

31. Chloroplast  Usually found in plant cells  Contains green chlorophyll  Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

32. Cell Division

33. MITOSIS

34. Mitosis The process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

35. Mitosis can be divided into stages Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase & Cytokinesis

36. Interphase The cell prepares for division  Animal Cell  DNA replicated  Organelles replicated  Cell increases in size

37. Interphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

38. Prophase The cell prepares for nuclear division  Animal Cell  Packages DNA into chromosomes

39. Prophase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

40. Metaphase The cell prepares chromosomes for division  Animal Cell  Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell  Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere

41. Metaphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

42. Anaphase The chromosomes divide  Animal Cell  Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart  ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell

43. Anaphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

44. Telophase The cytoplasm divides  Animal Cell  DNA spreads out  2 nuclei form  Cell wall pinches in to form the 2 new daughter cells

45. Telophase Animal Cell Plant Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

46. Mitosis Animation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

47. Animal Mitosis Review Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Interphase