1. Energy

2. Energy is the ability to do work. Thus, energy is the ability to make something move. Energy can be classified as potential or kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy. Ex: chemical energy stored in a match head or in a battery, mechanical energy stored in a stretched rubber band. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Ex: A ball in flight, a vibrating molecule, a hammer hitting a nail.

3. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be made or destroyed, but only transferred from object to object and changed in form. If you strike a match its chemical potential energy is transformed into heat and light energy. The chemical energy in a flashlight battery can be converted to electrical energy, which a motor can then convert to mechanical energy to move a toy. A stretched rubber band, when released, will convert its potential energy into the kinetic energy that shoots a slingshot. Moving air and running water have mechanical kinetic energy that can be transferred to windmills and turbines, which spin generators that convert the mechanical energy to electrical energy.

4. In all of these changes, exactly the same amount same amount of energy is present after the change as was present at the start. The energy may be in a different form, however, and may be in different objects. SO: Moving objects have kinetic energy. Objects that have energy because of position have potential energy. Work is the transfer of energy.

5. A derivation for kinetic energy V f 2 = V i 2 + 2ad If V i = 0m/s, V f 2 = 0 2 + 2ad If we check at any particular instant, V f = v, So v 2 = 2ad we can rearrange that to say d = v 2 2a W = Fd F = ma Let’s look at work. If W = Fd and F = ma then W = mad W = mad and we substitute from above for “d” W = maa W = mav 2 cancel “a” 2a E k = mv 2 is the formula for kinetic energy. 2

6. needs work done to give it E k An object needs work done on it to give it E k. Therefore, work done is equal to change in energy. Net Work = mv 2 _ mv’ 2 2 2

7. A.145kg baseball is thrown with a speed of 25m/s. What is it’s kinetic energy? E k = ½ (.145)(25) 2 = 45J How much work was done to reach this speed from rest? W = mv 2 _ mv’ 2 2 2 W = (.145)(25) 2 _ (.145)(0) 2 = 45J 2 2

8. How much work is required to accelerate a 1000kg car from 20m/s to 30m/s? The work needed is equal to the increase in kinetic energy. W = mv 2 _ mv’ 2 2 2 = (1000)(30) 2 – (1000)(20) 2 2 2 = 250000J

9. A derivation for potential energy V f 2 = V i 2 + 2ad where a = accel due to gravity V f 2 = V i 2 + 2gd where d = height V f 2 = V i 2 + 2gh multiply by m/2 mV f 2 = mV i 2 + m2gh at one instant V f = V i 2 2 2 mV 2 = mV 2 + mgh 2 2 E p = mgh is the formula for gravitational potential energy

10. A.400kg ball on a 75.0m high cliff has… E p = mgh =(.400)(9.8)(75) =294J of gravitational potential energy E k = mv 2 2 =(.400)(0) 2 2 = 0J of kinetic energy

11. When that ball has fallen 25.0m… E p = mgh =(.400)(9.8)(50) =196J of gravitational potential energy V f 2 = V i 2 + 2ad V f 2 = 0 2 + 2(9.8)(25) V f = 22.1m/s E k = mv 2 2 =(.400)(22.1) 2 2 = 98J of kinetic energy

12. When that ball has fallen 75.0m… E p = mgh =(.400)(9.8)(0) =0J of gravitational potential energy V f 2 = V i 2 + 2ad V f 2 = 0 2 + 2(9.8)(75) V f = 38.3m/s E k = mv 2 2 =(.400)(38.3) 2 2 = 294J of kinetic energy

13. Wait a minute! At 75.0m high, E k = 0J and E p =294J At 50.0m high, E k = 98J and E p =196J At 0m high, E k = 294J and E p =0J The total energy is 294J at all times! Energy is conserved.