1. Memory

2. Three Kinds of Memory
1). Episodic: memories of the events that happen to a person or take place in the person’s presence
Breakfast, Thanksgiving, birthdays

3. 2). Semantic: general knowledge
Three Kinds of Memory
2). Semantic: general knowledge
Concerns meanings
History dates, authors, facts
Remember = episodic
Know=semantic

4. 3). Procedural: (skill memory) Knowledge of ways of doing things
Three Kinds of Memory
3). Procedural: (skill memory)
Knowledge of ways of doing things
Ride a bike, drive a car
Persevere even when you haven’t used it in a while

5. Mnemonic Device
Systems for remembering in which items are related to easily recalled sets of symbols such as acronyms, phrases, or jingles
ESP-episodic, semantic, procedural

6. Three Processes of Memory
1). Encoding:
The first stage of information processing
Modifying information so that it can be placed in memory
Exercise 1:Recall list of letters
a) Visual code-mental image
b) Acoustic code-sequence of sounds
c) Semantic code-mental representation of information according to its meaning
THeUNitedSTatesOFAMerica
THUNSTOFAM

7. Three Processes of Memory
2). Storage: the maintenance of information over time
Maintenance rehearsal-mental repetition of information in order to keep it in memory

8. Three Processes of Memory
3). Retrieval: the location of stored information and its return to consciousness
Not able to retrieve list because:
Not encoded the list in a useful way
Not entered the encoded information into storage
Stored the information but lacked the proper cues for remembering

9. Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short-term Long-term
Linda? Janet?
Tina? Lane?
File Cabinet:
People met at
party
Sensory Short-term Long-term
Memory Memory Memory 
  
This is Linda
Storage
&
Retrieval
Sensory
Input
Attention

10. Three Stages of Memory
1). Sensory Memory: the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus. Sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous

11. Sensory Memory
Iconic- a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
Accurate, photographic memory for brief time
Eidetic imagery- maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes
Declines with age
Echoic memory- sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli

12. Three Stages of Memory 2). Short-term Memory: (working memory)
the stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays
phone #’s, told a name at the party
Fade significantly after seconds if not rehearsed

13. Short-term Memory Serial-Position Effect: Exercise 2: Quarter Lists
The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series
Primacy effect:
Tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items
Recency effect:
Tendency to recall the last items in a series of items

14. GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI
Short-term Memory
Exercise 3 & 4:
Chunking:
A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information
Exercise 3-tic tac toe grid
Exercise 4-move dash to left
GM-CBS-IBM-ATT-CIA-FBI

15. Short-term Memory
Rote learning: mechanical associative learning that is based on repetition
Interference/Displace: to cause chunks of information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new items

16. Memory

17. Long-term Memory The third stage of processing of information
capable of relatively permanent storage
vast storehouse of information containing names, dates, places

18. Long-term Memories How accurate? Elizabeth Loftus: -schemas
-memories are distorted by our biases and needs and by the ways in we conceptualize our worlds
-schemas

19. Schemas
A way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations

20. Example Loftus: Showed video on car crash
Questionnaire asked how fast the cars were going at the time of the crash
“Smashed” 41 mph
“Hit”34 mph
Words “hit” and “smashed” caused people to organize their knowledge about the crash in different ways

21. Eye-Witness Testimony
Words chosen by an experimenter and those chosen by a lawyer interrogating a witness can influence the reconstruction of memories

22. Eye-Witness Testimony
Hypnosis-can amplify and distort memories
Identification of criminals-people pay more attention to clothing rather than height, weight, facial features
Improvement-describe what happened rather than pump witness with suggestions

23. Short-term to Long-term
Maintenance rehearsal-repetition but not effective way to place info in permanent storage
vs.
Elaborative rehearsal: relating new material to well-known material (meaningful)
Vocabulary

24. Flashbulb Memories
Exercise: First Kiss or Love
We tend to remember events that occur under unusual, emotionally arousing circumstances
Ex. 5-Write down your 3 most vivid memories
Ex: September 11th, first kiss, death of a loved one, heartache

25. Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved
Incomplete or imperfect learning
May not know exact answer but we know something
Ex.6-List the 7 dwarfs

26. Two S’s, Two D’s, Three Emotions
Seven Dwarfs
Sleepy Sneezy
Dopey Doc
Grumpy Bashful Happy
Two S’s, Two D’s, Three Emotions

27. Context-Dependent Memory
Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
Ex: Yen’s room? Scene of crime, under water experiment
How many of you visualize where you were when trying to remember a concept?

28. State-Dependent Memory
Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned
Ex: under the influence, mood-happy, angry, sad

29. Forgetting
Failure to recognize a nonsense syllable that has been read before
We don’t encode info we don’t consider useful (questions)
Memory tasks used in measuring forgetting
Recognition
Recall
Relearning

30. Exercise 7: Encoding Failure
Which letters do not appear on the telephone dial?
Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides do they typically have?
In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?
What is pictured on the back of a $20?
What four words besides “In God We Trust” appear on most US coins?

31. Answers Which letters do not appear on the telephone dial? (Q, Z)
Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides do they typically have? (6)
In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch? (Right)
What is pictured on the $20? (White House)
What four words besides “In God We Trust” appear on most US coins? (United States of America)

32. Recognition
Easiest type of memory task, involving identification of objects or events encountered before
Ex: multiple choice questions
Recognize photos of old classmates easier than recalling their names

33. Recall Retrieval or reconstruction of learned material
More difficult than recognition (Ex.8-Draw both sides of a penny)
Recall task-person must retrieve a syllable with another syllable serving as a cue (fill in the blank)
Meaningful links help

35. Relearning
A measure of retention. Material is usually relearned more quickly than it is learned initially
Ex: Future Psych classes

36. Interference Theory
We forget material in short-term and long-term memory because newly learned material interferes with it
Retroactive vs. Proactive

37. Retroactive Interference
New learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning
Ex: Italian interfered with Spanish when I returned
Your examples?

38. Proactive Interference
Old learning interferes with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material
Ex: Spanish made learning Italian more difficult
Your examples?

39. Repression
Freud:
We are motivated to forget painful memories and unacceptable ideas because they produce anxiety, guilt, and shame

40. Infantile Amnesia
Exercise: Write down your earliest memory
Inability to recall events that occur prior to the age or 2 or 3
No meaningful stories or connections
No reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events

41. Anterograde Amnesia
Failure to remember events that occur after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
H.M.-couldn’t transfer info from short-term to long-term

42. Retrograde Amnesia
Failure to remember events that occur prior to physical trauma because the effects of the trauma

43. Which one?
Anterograde Amnesia Or
Retrograde Amnesia