1. What Is Psychology?
Chapter One

2. Psychology as a Science
Definition:

3. Psychology as a Science
As science, uses the ______________________, as opposed to subjective opinion, to develop theories about variables to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes

4. Definition: a formulation of relationships underlying observed events
Theory
Definition: a formulation of relationships underlying observed events
Describe: The play activity of a 5 year old
Explain: Theory of why 5-year old developed such play activity
Predict: What would occur with a different child with similar or different experiences?
Control: How can we influence the development of play activity? (for the benefit of the individual, rather than to meet the goals or demands of others

5. Theory Based on assumptions about behavior and mental processes
Contain statements about the principles and laws that may govern them
Describe: The play activity of a 5 year old
Explain: Theory of why 5-year old developed such play activity
Predict: What would occur with a different child with similar or different experiences?
Control: How can we influence the development of play activity? (for the benefit of the individual, rather than to meet the goals or demands of others

6. Theory Allow us to derive explanations and predictions
______________, ____________, ______________, _____________
Describe: The play activity of a 5 year old
Explain: Theory of why 5-year old developed such play activity
Predict: What would occur with a different child with similar or different experiences?
Control: How can we influence the development of play activity? (for the benefit of the individual, rather than to meet the goals or demands of others

7. What Psychologists Do Wide variety of subject areas for psychologists
Pure Research vs. Applied Research

8. What Psychologists Do
________________: Conducted without concern for immediate applications to personal or social problems (research for its own sake)

9. What Psychologists Do
_________________: Designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems

10. Subfields of Psychology
Clinical
Counseling
School
Educational

11. Subfields of Psychology
Developmental
Social/Personality
Experimental
Cognitive

12. Subfields of Psychology
Industrial/Organizational
Physiological/Biological
Emerging Fields: Forensic & Health

13. Clinical Psychology
Specialize in helping people with psychological problems adjust to the demands of life Ex: anxiety, depression, sexual dysfunctions, loss of goals
Evaluate problems through structural interviews and psychological tests

14. Clinical Psychology
Help clients resolve their problems and change maladaptive behavior through techniques of ______________ and ______________________

15. Clinical Psychology Psychotherapy:
Application of psychological knowledge to the treatment of problem behavior

16. Clinical Psychology
Behavior Therapy:
Application of learning to the direct _________________ of problem behavior

17. Clinical Psychology
Work in institutions for mentally ill, outpatient clinics, college clinics, private practice
__________________ subgroup (what most people think when hear about psych)
Differs from psychiatrist (medical doctors who specialize in treatment)

18. Counseling Counsel people facing challenges
Use interviews and tests to define their clients problems
Clients typically have ___________________ problems but not serious psychological disorders

19. Counseling
Clients may encounter difficulty in making academic or vocational decisions or making friends, marital and family conflicts, physical handicaps, adjustment problems
Various counseling methods to help clients clarify goals and find ways of surmounting goals

20. Counseling
Employed at college counseling and testing centers, rehabilitation agencies

21. School Psychologists
Facilitating the social, intellectual, and emotional development of _____________
Work in schools
Consult with students with problems that interfere with _______________
Ex: social, family, emotional problems, and specific learning disorders

22. School Psychologists
Define problems through: interviews with parents, teachers, students, achievement and intelligence tests, classroom observations
Consult with teachers, school officials, parents, teachers and other professionals
Placement of students in special education and remediation programs

23. Educational Psychologists
Concerned with optimizing classroom conditions to _________________________
Design educational programs and train teachers

24. Educational Psychologists
Improvement of course planning and instructional methods
Research interests include how motivation, intelligence, sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation and teacher behavior affect learning

25. Developmental
Study the changes (physical, emotional, cognitive, and social) that occur throughout the life span
Influences of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on development
Topics: effects of maternal drug use on the embryo, child rearing practices, adolescent conflicts, adjustment among older people

26. Social/personality
How we influence and interact with ____________________
Define human traits, determine influence on thought processes, feelings and behavior, explain psychological disorders
Human issues (anxiety, aggression, gender roles)

27. Social and external influences
Social/personality
Social and external influences
Attitude formation and change, interpersonal attractions and likings, stereotypes, conformity to group norms, group decision making processes
Personality: tend to look within the person for explanations of behavior

28. Experimental
Conduct _______________ into fundamental processes relevant to more applied specialties
Nervous system, sensation, perception, learning, memory, thought, motivation, emotion
More likely to engage in basic or pure research (usually study animals)

29. Industrial/Organizational
Behavior in the ______________; improving businesses in areas such as personnel, organizational efficiency
Relationships between people and work
Assist in processes such as hiring, training, and promotion

30. Industrial/Organizational
Devise tests that predict successful performance of various jobs (gallup poll)
Make technical systems (computer) more user friendly
Strategies to appeal to the ________________

31. Emerging Fields
_______________: expertise within the criminal-justice system
Serve as expert witnesses, testify about competence of defendants to stand trial or describe mental disorders and how affect _____________________________
Counsel officers help with stress, hostage situations, suicide threats

32. Emerging Fields
________________:examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical health
Headaches, cardiovascular disease, cancer
Patient compliance with medical advice
Guide clients to take undertake more healthy behaviors such as exercising, quitting smoking, healthy diet

33. Which subfield are you most interested in and why?

34. Where does Psychology Come From?
A Brief History

35. Psychology is as old as history and as modern as today
Aristotle: Greek philosopher
Peri Psyches (About the Psyche)-nature of mind behavior
People are basically motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain (modern view)

36. Psychology is as old as history and as modern as today
Democritus: behavior as body and a mind
Behavior influenced by external stimulation
First to raise issue of free will or choice

37. Psychology is as old as history and as modern as today
If we are influenced by external forces, can we be said to control our own behavior?
Question: where do the influences of others end and our “real selves” begin?

38. Structuralism
Willhelm Wundt: ____________________ ____________________________________
1897: established first psychological laboratory in Leipzig,Germany
Claimed that the mind was a natural event and could be studied scientifically (light, heat, flow of blood)

39. Structuralism
Define makeup of conscious experience, breaking it down into objective sensations (light and taste) and subjective feelings (emotional responses, will, mental images)
Believe that mind functions by creatively combining the ________________________________

40. Functionalism
Emphasizes the uses or functions of the _____________ rather than the elements of experience
Deals with overt behavior as well as consciousness

41. Functionalism
William James ( ): Wrote first modern psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology

42. Functionalism The “fittest” behavior patterns survive
Influenced by Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory
The “fittest” behavior patterns survive
Adaptive actions tend to be repeated and become habits

43. Behaviorism
John Watson ( ): Founder of behaviorism
Psychology must limit itself to ________________, ____________________ events-to behavior

44. Behaviorism Examples:
Pressing a lever, turning left or right, eating and mating, heart rate, dilation of the pupils

45. Behaviorism
Psychology address the learning of measurable responses to environmental stimuli
Pavlov’s salivating dogs (conditioning not mental processes)

46. Behaviorism B.F Skinner (1904-1990):
___________________: organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so

47. Gestalt
Focused on _________________ and on how perception influences thinking and problem solving

48. Gestalt Wholes that give meaning to parts
Perceptions more than the sum of its parts
Wholes that give meaning to parts

49. Gestalt
Learning to solve problems, is accomplished by ________________, not by mechanical repetition
“Aha moment” flash of insight

50. Psychoanalysis
Emphasizes the importance of ________________ motives and ______________ as determinants of human behavior

51. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
Believed that unconscious thought , especially sexual and aggressive impulses, were more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.

52. Psychoanalysis People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges
Thought mind was unconscious, consisting of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.
People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges

53. Psychoanalysis
Freud: gained his understanding of people through clinical interviews with patients
Gain insight into deep-seated conflicts and find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs

54. How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior

55. Perspectives Biological (Neuroscience) Cognitive
Humanistic-Existential
Psychodynamic
Behavioral (Learning)
Socialcultural
Evolutionary

56. Psychology’s Perspectives
The Big Seven

57. Neuroscience Perspective
Focus on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences.
Study hormones, genes, and activity of the central nervous system, especially the ________________.

58. Evolutionary Perspective
Focuses on Darwinism.
We behave the way we do because we __________ those behaviors.
Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors ________________.
How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

59. Approaches cont. Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Focus is on how certain behaviors may have helped our ancestors survive. (mother nature practicing selective breeding)

60. Psychodynamic Perspective
Fathered by Sigmund ___________.
Our behavior comes from _____________ drives.
Usually stemming from our __________.
What might a psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing gum?

61. Psychoanalysis
Emphasizes the importance of ____________ motives and ___________ as determinants of human behavior
Psychology 7e in Modules

62. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
Believed that unconscious thought , especially sexual and aggressive impulses, were more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.
Psychology 7e in Modules

63. Psychoanalysis People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges
Thought mind was unconscious, consisting of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.
People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges
Psychology 7e in Modules

64. Psychoanalysis
Freud: gained his understanding of people through clinical __________ with patients
Gain insight into deep-seated conflicts and find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs
Psychology 7e in Modules

65. Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on our ____________ behaviors.
Only cares about the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them.
If you bit your fingernails when you were nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails.

66. BEHAVIORISTS How people learn __________ and ________________
John B. Watson
John B. Watson
Psychology 7e in Modules

67. Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on how we think (or encode information)
How do we see the world?
How did we learn to act to sad or happy events?
Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you __________.
Meet girl
Get Rejected by girl
Did you learn to be depressed
Or get back on the horse

68. Approaches cont. Perceptions more than the sum of its parts
GESTALT
consider behavior in context rather than in isolation (age, race, gender, money, time, family, etc.)
Perceptions more than the sum of its parts
Wholes that give meaning to parts
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
not just rewards and punishment
How people perceive, store and interpret information
How thought processes develop over time (10 years old compared to today)

69. Social-Cultural Perspective
Focus on how your _________ effects your behavior.
Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.
How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation

70. Humanistic Perspective
Focuses on positive growth
Attempt to seek _________________
Therapists use active __________ and _____________ positive regard.
Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!!!

71. Approaches cont. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY ECLECTIC
people try to achieve their maximum potential (self actualization)
Promote health and self-growth
ECLECTIC
Combination of approaches

72. Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus
Sample Questions
Neuroscience
How the body and brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary
How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
Although debates arise among the psychologists working from differing perspectives, each point of view addresses important questions.
Psychology 7e in Modules

73. Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus
Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral
How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

74. Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Focus
Sample Questions
Cognitive
How we encode, process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

75. Human Diversity

76. Ethnic Diversity

77. Functions competently within:
Biculturalism
Functions competently within:

78. Probing of human diversity
Enables students to appreciate the cultural heritages and historical problems of various ethnic groups

79. Question
How can psychologists hope to understand the aspirations and problems of individuals from an ethnic group without understanding the history and cultural heritage of that group?

80. Gender The state of being male or female
Not simply a matter of anatomic sex

81. Gender
Involves:

82. Question
How can sciences such as psychology and medicine hope to understand the particular viewpoints, qualities, and problems of women if most research is conducted with men and by men?

83. Gender
Even much of the scientific research into gender roles and gender differences assumes that male behavior represents the norm.

84. Other Kinds of Diversity

85. Contributors
Know the different contributions made by women and different ethnic individuals.

86. Critical Thinking

87. Critical Thinking Principles of critical thinking
Recognizing common fallacies in arguments
Critical thinking=education