1. Psychological Therapies

2. Psychotherapy
An interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties.

3. Eclectic Approach
The most popular form of therapy- it is basically a buffet where the therapist combines techniques from different schools of psychology.

4. Psychoanalysis Freud's therapy.
Freud used free association, hypnosis and dream interpretation to gain insight into the client’s unconscious.

5. Psychoanalytic Methods
Psychotherapists use their techniques to overcome resistance by the client.
The psychoanalyst wants you to become aware of the resistance and together interpret (ex. Latent content) it’s underlying meaning.

6. Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.

7. Humanistic Therapy
Focuses of people’s potential for self-fulfillment (self-actualization).
Focus on the present and future (not the past).
Focus on conscious thoughts (not unconscious ones).
Take responsibility for your actions- instead of blaming childhood anxieties.

8. Client (Person) Centered Therapy
Most widely used Humanistic technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
Developed by Carl Rogers
Therapist should use genuineness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard towards their clients.

9. Active Listening Central to Roger’s client-centered therapy
Empathetic listening where the listener echoes, restates and clarifies.

10. Behavior Therapies
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
The behaviors are the problems- so we must change the behaviors.

11. Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning:
A behavioral therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
Two Types:

12. Systematic Desensitization
A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
How would I use systematic desensitization to reduce my fear of old women?

13. Systematic Desensitization
Progressive Relaxation-relax muscles while imagining arousing situation
Exposure Therapy-exposing people to the things they avoid
Flooding-immersed in the fear until it goes away

14. Virtual Technology Exposure Therapy

15. Aversive Conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
How would putting poop on the fingernails of a nail biter effect their behavior?

16. Aversive Conditioning

17. Aversive Conditioning
What are some ways you can change the behaviors of your friends with aversive conditioning?

18. Operant Conditioning
Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior.
A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.

19. Cognitive Therapy

20. Cognitive Therapies
A therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumptions that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

21. Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking.
Is .300 a good or bad batting average?

22. Cognitive Therapy

23. Aaron Beck and his view of Depression
Noticed that depressed people were similar in the way they viewed the world.
Used cognitive therapy get people to take off the “dark sunglasses” in which they view their surroundings

24. Cognitive Therapy- Does It Work?

25. Albert Ellis-Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
One of the first cognitive therapies
A-adversity
B-belief (about A)
C-consequence (emotional/behavioral)
teaches the client how to identify irrational and self-defeating beliefs
forcefully and actively question and dispute them and replace them with more rational and self-helping ones

26. Group Therapies

27. The Biomedical Therapies
Therapies aimed at the altering the body chemistry.

28. Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

29. Drugs and Hospitalization

30. Emptying of Mental Hospitals

31. Testing New Drugs
When a new drug is released there is always too much enthusiasm.
Must use a double-blind procedure to combat placebo and experimental effects.
These experiments better able use to classify different types of drugs:

32. Antipsychotic Drugs
Antipsychotic drugs are a class of medicines used to treat psychosis and other mental and emotional conditions.
These drugs are beginning to help schizophrenics with both positive and negative symptoms.
These drugs (Thorazine) often have powerful side effects

33. Antipsychotic Drugs
Classical antipsychotics [Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]: Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.
Atypical antipsychotics [Clozapine (Clozaril)]: Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the characteristics of antipsychotic drugs, and discuss their use in treating specific disorders.

34. Atypical Antipsychotic
Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

35. Antianxiety Drugs Includes drugs like Valium and Librium.
Like alcohol, they depress nervous system activity.
Most widely abused drugs.
Do they really solve the problem?

36. Antianxiety Drugs
Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan) depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter.
OBJECTIVE 20| Describe the characteristics of antianxiety drugs, and discuss their use in treating specific disorders.

37. Antidepressant Drugs Lift you up out of depression.
Most increase the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine.

38. Prozac, Paxil Zoloft
Work by blocking serotonin reuptake.

39. Mood-Stabilizing Medications
Lithium Carbonate, a common salt, has been used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders. It moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters.
OBJECTIVE 22| Describe the use and effects of mood-stabilizing medications.

40. Electroconvulsive Therapy
Biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

41. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a 100 volt shock that relieves them of depression.
OBJECTIVE 23| Describe the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating severe depression, and describe some possible alternatives to ECT.

42. Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Egas Moniz developed the lobotomy in the 1930s.
Ice pick like instrument through the eye sockets cutting the links between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers.

43. Lobotomy