1. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Stanford visit 8 Feb 2011

2. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Starting points As a community we thought we knew how to do clinical trials, but when we looked we found lots of confounding by bias As a community we think we know how to do animal experiment in stroke, but when we looked we found lots of confounding by bias As a community we think we know how to do in vitro biological research

3. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Caveats We have looked in domains where we know there is translational failure – it might just be stroke researchers Most of our evidence is observational not experimental We are not experts in other fields, and experts may know best There are broader issues of how we know what we know – hierarchies of evidence

4. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Not just stroke researchers EAE modelling of MS Dopamine agonists in PD Receptor Ligand Binding Assays

5. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Systematic review in EAE

6. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine EAE modelling of MS

7. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Systematic review in PD

8. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Dopamine Agonists in PD Blinded outcome assessmentComposite quality

9. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Receptor Ligand Binding Assays McPartland et al 2007

10. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Assertions Poor study quality is highly prevalent in laboratory research The effectiveness of laboratory research could be substantially improved if study quality were improved Improved study quality would reduce the risks of translational failure

11. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Is it possible to study this systematically? Cannabinoid receptors NOS transgenics in stroke Pathophysiology of EAE

12. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine NOS transgenics in focal ischaemia Grey bar represents the 95% confidence limits of the pooled effect size, bar width reflects the number of animals contributing to each analysis and vertical error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. n exp n anim es95% CI eNOS -/-16308-17.3-22.3 to -12.4 iNOS +/- 19320 10.98.1 to 13.6 iNOS -/-17.912.2 to 23.5 nNOS -/-2340224.013.0 to 35.0

13. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine T H 1 and T H 17 cells in EAE Concordance is observed when a decreased number of circulating Th1 or Th17 cells is associated with decreased EAE severity, and when an increase in numbers of circulating Th1 or Th17 cells is associated with increased EAE severity. (a),(b) Concordance (green) and discordance (red) between change in the number of circulating (a) Th1 or (b) Th17 cells and change in the severity of observed EAE. Concordance is greater for the Th17- EAE pathway. (c) Meta-blot showing this relationship. Dots on the line represent concordance, those off the line show discordance. The size of each dot reflects the number of studies contributing to that point. Dot colour reflects the presence of factors which might bias the results of that group of experiments (Red: bias likely; Green: bias unlikely). The width of the arrow reflects the number of experiments contributing data to the analysis.

14. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Contrasting strategies Random sampling brute force attack Focused study of particular area of biology

15. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Random Sampling Decide what we want to look for Sample at random (?PMID) against inclusion and exclusion criteria Categorise publications and experiments Extract high level quality metrics Extract data where possible (quantatative/ qualitative) Seek evidence for influence of quality metrics on outcome Seek evidence for publication bias

16. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine..but no accepted taxonomy of laboratory research would require iterative approach PMID selection will lead to incomplete ascertainment

17. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Focussed study The pathophysiology of NMDA activation Start with the NMDA receptor as a seed node Systematically identify evidence for things which modulate NMDA-R activity Systematically identify evidence for things which are modulated by NMDA-R activity Weigh the evidence (taxonomy, quality, magnitude) Identify each thing as a secondary node and iterate until a pathway is created

18. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine …but Number of nodes will increase geometrically with each iteration Can the strength of evidence be condensed into only a few dimensions?

19. CAMARADES: Bringing evidence to translational medicine Opportunities Funding application in progress (7 years, statistician, post docs, multi-centre animal studies) IUPHAR database project AHRQ Mechanistic Frameworks project