1. Language Diagram Indo-Iranian Branch Romance Branch Balto-Slavic Branch Pg 153

2. AP Extra Credit Current Events: -Print off an article relating to something we’ve talked about in class -In a 1 page paper give a summary of the article AND -Your analysis of the article (your opinion, what you think should happen, etc) -Turn in the article AND your paper to me -Max 10 points on lowest assignment/quiz

3. Get homework out and prepare for a reading quiz!

4. 1 st period Quiz 1.What is an isogloss? 2.What is the most spoken language in the world? 3._________ is a form of language spoken in a local area.

5. Chapter 5 Languages!

6. What do you call a person who speaks multiple language? –A polyglot What do you call a person who speaks two languages? –Bilingual What do you call a person who speaks one language? –American Why do you think so few Americans speak another language?

7. Countries Monolingual: Multilingual:

8. Most languages diffuse through literary tradition

9. Where are English-Language Speakers Distributed? English- spoken more than any other language except Mandarin Distributed around the world Official language in 50 countries –English is the most important language in North America b/c Diffusion of English colonies

10. Dialects of English Dialect- –Different in sound, speed, syntax Migration allows variation to exist English- large # of dialect

11. Dialects in the U.S. isogloss South- two syllables New England- drops the “r” West Coast/Midwest

12. Dialects of English –Standard language Acceptable for govt, education, mass communication British Received Pronunciation- politicians, broadcasters, actors

13. Why is English Related to Other Languages? Language family Language Branch Language group

14. Indo-European Family 8 branches World’s most extensively spoke language family 3 billion people speak Indo-European

15. The Indo-European Language Family Germanic branch Indo-Iranian branch Balto-Slavic branch Romance branch Albanian Armenian Greek Celtic

16. Indo-European Language Family Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

17. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Includes: –German and English –English included b/c German tribes that invaded England (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) –West Germanic Branch Structurally similar and have many words in common –East Germanic- EXTINCT –North Germanic Branch Scandinavia- Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Icelandic- changed less than any other Germanic language b/c of isolation from other places –High and Low Germanic Based on elevations Low- English, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans

18. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

19. English is in the language family- Indo- European English is in the language branch – Germanic English is in the language group- West Germanic

20. Where are Other Language Families Distributed? Family Trees: * language families- TRUNKS Individual languages- LEAVES –The larger the leaves/trunks are the greater # of speakers of those families and languages. –Trunks that divide into branches- language branches

22. Language Family Trees Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

23. Language Families of the World Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 50 million speakers are named.

24. Major Language Families Percentage of World Population Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

25. Language Family Activity

26. Remain silent while announcements are on Get homework out!

27. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo- European Most speakers (100 individual languages) spoken by 1 billion Eastern (Indic) Western (Iranian)

28. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo- European Eastern (Indic) –Widely used language in India –Indians speak Hindi written in Devanagari Hindi Language –Pakistan speak Urdu written in Arabic Urdu Language –Cultural diversity in India is due to language

29. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo- European Iranian (Western) –Spoken in Iran –Iranians speak Persian Persian –Afghans speak Pashto Pashto –Kurds speak Kurdish Kurdish

30. Batlo-Slavic Branch of Indo- European East Slavic and Baltic Groups –Russian Russian West and South Slavic Groups –Polish by Czech and Slovak czech language –Ukrainian Ukrainian –Belarusian Belarusian

31. Russian Sign Russian is an Indo-European language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, originally brought to Russia by Greek missionaries

32. South Asian Languages & Language Families Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

33. Romance Branch of Indo- European Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

34. Signs in Barcelona, Spain Signs in Barcelona are written both in Catalán (top) and Spanish (bottom).

35. Port-au-Prince, Haiti Haitian Creole and French are both official languages in Haiti, although English is also used.

36. Romance Branch Evolved from Latin Italian, Portuguese, French, Spanish, Romanian –ItalianItalian –PortuguesePortuguese –FrenchFrench –SpanishSpanish –RomanianRomanian Reason for differences is isolation of the countries in which the languages are spoken

37. Origin and Diffusion of Indo- European Proto-Indo-European language Cannot be proven with certainty

38. Two Theories of Proto-Indo- European Kurgan Theory –Nomadic herders –Migrated in search of grasslands –Conquered much of Europe and South Asia

39. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.

40. Two Theories of Proto-Indo- European Anatolian –Migrated for agricultural reasons –Not military conquest –language flourished b/c grew food not hunting

41. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

42. Distribution of Language Families 2 nd largest family- Sino-Tibetan China –Sinitic Branch –Austro-Thai and Tibetan-Burman two smaller branches

43. Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Branch –No single Chinese language –Most important- Mandarin (most used language in the world). –Official language of P.R.of C. and Taiwan Other Sinitic languages spoken in China Chinese govt. imposing Mandarin

44. Sino-Tibetan Source of national strength and unity 420 one syllable words –Each sound denotes more than one thing Ideograms

45. Chinese Ideograms Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

46. Other East and S.E. Asian Language Families Japan and Korea have distinct language families Korean- written in hankul (each letter represents a sound). –Vietnamese- most spoken language of Austro-Asiatic language family

47. Afro-Asiatic Language Family Arabic and Hebrew 4 th largest language family Arabic major language- official language in 24 countries

48. African Language Families 1,000 distinct languages Lack written tradition Minimal interaction culturally 1800’s European missionaries starting recording

49. Language Families of Africa Fig. 5-14: The 1000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

50. Niger-Congo 95% of Sub-Saharan Africa Swahili

51. Languages of Nigeria Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

52. Nilo-Saharan 6 branches Very few speakers Very divided = problematic with classifying African languages

53. Khoisan Language Family Southwest Clicking sounds

54. Nigeria: Conflict among speakers of different languages Nigeria- most populous country in Africa 493 distinct languages Great cultural diversity/language diversity in a small region

55. Languages of Nigeria Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

56. Should English be the official language of the U.S.? Debate continues over whether English should be the official language of the U.S. and whether schools should teach in languages other than English. Give an argument for school being taught only in English, and one supporting teaching with other languages in our schools. Which argument do you support, and why?

57. Why do People Preserve Local Languages? Distribution of language is a measure of the fate of an ethnic group Competition trends of globalization and diversity

58. Preserving Language Diversity 516 extinct languages

59. Preserving Language Diversity Hebrew –Extinct and revived –Diminished in 4 th century B.C. –1948 became official language of Israel

60. Jerusalem Street sign A street in Jerusalem was re- named New York after Sept. 11, 2001. The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

61. Languages Die, but Not Their Last Word 1. How many languages are spoken today? 2. How do languages become extinct? 3. In what regions are languages disappearing most rapidly? 4. What continent’s spoke tongues are nearly all endangered? 5. Why do the Kallawaya have a secret language? 6. What language threatens the survival of the Northwest Pacific languages? 7. What have govt. officials in Siberia done for minority language speakers? 8. According to researchers, how fast are languages becoming extinct?

62. Multilingual States Belgium: –Southern-French –Northern- Dutch/Flemish –Language boundary divides country into two regions. –Economic/political differences

63. Language Divisions in Belgium Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

64. Language Areas in Switzerland Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

65. Multilingual States Switzerland: –Peacefully exists with multiple languages –Decentralized govt. – local authorities have most of the power –4 official languages- German, French, Italian, Romansh

66. Isolated Languages Unrelated to any other and not attached to any language family Similarities and differences in languages measure the degree of interaction among groups of people Isolated languages lack interaction with speakers of other languages

67. Isolated Languages An unchanging language: Icelandic –Indo-European –Little interaction –isolated

68. Global Dominance of English Lingua franca- language of international communication Facilitate trade- mixing of languages Pidgin language- simplified form to communicate with speakers –English, Swahili, Indonesia, Russian

69. Ireland Road Signs Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

70. Bookstore in Brussels, Belgium The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

71. Ebonics Combo of ebony and phonics South Africans migrated to NE and Midwest Double negatives Controversial –Poor education –Preserving an element of African American culture

72. Expansion Diffusion of English Past: migration and conquest Current: expansion diffusion –Diffusion of new vocab, spelling, pronunciation –English words fusing with others.

73. Diffusion to Other Languages Franglias- mix of French and English –Controversial- language is a sense of national pride Spaniglish- mix of Spanish and English –Modify spelling of words –Popular in popular culture –Enriches both English and Spanish Denglish- English and Dutch

74. If you only learned a few things… Language is the means of communication b/t people. Many languages are dying out Largest language family is Indo-European Second largest is the Sino-Tibetan Mandaran is the most spoken language in the world Dialects are a form of language based on syntax, vocal, and speed.

75. French-English Boundary in Canada Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

76. French Signs in Québec City

77. Spanish Signs in New York City

78. Use your book to describe the differences between British English and American English. * include things such as pronunciation, vocab, and spelling Pg 150 American slang vs. British slang Ellen2