1. Chapter 4 – Earth’s Resources
Earth Science

2. Section 4.1 Energy and Mineral Resources

3. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 4.1
Renewable – replenished over fairly short time
Ex: plants, animals, natural fibers, trees, water, wind, and sun
Nonrenewable – take millions of years to form
Ex: coal, oil, natural gases, iron, copper, uranium, and gold
Increase for demand
6% of population lives in US  we use 30% of annual production of mineral and energy resources

4. Fossil Fuels coal, oil, natural gas 4.1
Hydrocarbon used for energy source
Coal – forms when heat and pressure change plants over time
4 stages of development
Peat – partially decayed plants
Lignite – sedimentary rock called brown coal
Bituminous Coal, or soft coal - sedimentary
Anthracite Coal, or hard coat – metamorphic
Releases most heat/energy when burned
Power plants mostly use coal
Surface mining – harms land
Burning = air pollution (high in Sulfur  acid rain)
– 1 minute
10 minutes
– 8 minutes

6. Petroleum – oil and Natural Gas
Remains of plants and animals buried under ocean –floor sediments
Chemical reaction occurs
Squeezed and moved to permeable beds
Less dense than water

7. Tar Sands and Oil Shale 4.1 Tar sands Oil Shale
Mixture of clay and sand combined with water and varying amounts of bitumen (thick tar)
Occurs in sand, sandstone, shale, and limestone
More resistant to flow
Canada has largest deposits
Mined at surface
Causes great land disturbance
Oil Shale
Rock that contains waxy mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen
Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming have ½ world’s supply
Part of sedimentary layers
Currently, it is unprofitable to mine

8. Formation of Mineral Deposits 4.1
Ore – useful metallic mineral that can be mined
Important mineral deposits form thru igneous process and hydrothermal solutions
Igneous process = gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, platinum, and nickel
Hydrothermal solution = gold, lead, zinc, silver

9. Placer Deposits 4.1 Settling of sediments according to density
Minerals are normally durable and chemically resistant
Common in steam bends, cracks, depressions
Gold = CA Gold Rush

10. Nonmetallic Mineral Resources 4.1
Ex: fluorite and limestone
Used for steelmaking an d fertilizers
2 categories
Building material
Crushed stone, sand, gravel
Limestone – used as crushed rock and stone and in cement
Industrial material
Limestone – manufacture of steel and neutralizes acidic soil
Normally not as abundant

11. Alternative Energy Sources 4.2
Nonrenewable energy supplies world about 90% of energy
May only last 170 years

12. Solar Energy 4.2
Direct use of sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity
2 advantages: fuel free, non-pollutant
Passive Solar Collectors – do not move
Ex: window
Active Solar Collectors –circulate air/liquids thru piping
Photovoltaic Cells- convert sun energy directly into electricity
Ex: calculator
Drawbacks
Cloudy days

13.
5.5 minutes

14. Nuclear Energy 4.2 Meets 7% US energy demands
Nuclear FiSSion – nuclei of Uranium-235 bombarded with neutrons and split, releasing energy  chain reaction  atomic explosion
Controled in nuclear reactor = releases great amount of heat  steam  turns a turbine
Draw backs
Cost
Hazards
Radioactive material

15.
2 minutes
3 minutes

16. Wind Energy 4.2
If wind in N & S Dakota could be harnessed, would provide 80% electrical energy for US
Developed b/c of “energy crisis” in 1970s dealing with oil
Draw backs
Noise pollution
Technical advances
cost

17.
2.5 minutes

18. Hydroelectric Power 4.2 Power that water generates Drives turbines
Produce about 5% of US’s electricity
Use large dams – control water
Dam can not work after sediment fills the reservoir
Takes 50 – 300 years
Estimated that ½ reservoirs will be filled by 2025

19.
2 minutes

20. Geothermal Energy 4.2
Harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs
Hot water turns turbines
Found at The Geysers in the US
Used for San Francisco and Oakland
Lasts no more than 10 – 15 years, once hot water exhausted
Not expected to provide high percentage of energy
5 minutes
1 minute

21. Tidal Power 4.2 In-and-out flow drives turbines and electric generator
Largest constructed is at mouth of France’s Rance River
Not economical if tidal range is less than 8 meters

23. Natural Resource Website with worksheet 8 Minutes + time to work

24. Water, Air, and Land Resources 4.3
The Water Planet
Water covers nearly 71% of Earth’s surface
Most salt
Oceans help moderate climate, inhabit marine animals, and aid in water cycle
Freshwater 2 types of pollutant
Point source – comes from known location
Factory pipes
Nonpoint source – no specific origin
Runoff – water flows over land and carries pollution
Oil, pesticides, sulfuric acid
Can lead to birth defects, diseases, cancer, harm animals

26. Earth’s Blanket of Air 4.3 Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water vapor, and others
Helps maintain life
Shields solar radiation (ozone)
Greenhouse
Pollution
Can change chemical composition of the atmosphere
Fossil-fuel major pollutant
=acid rain
CO2
Global Warming
Chloroflourocarbons – once used in AC and plastic foam
Destroy ozone
Health = cough, headaches, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer

28. Land Resources 4.3 Soil, forest, mineral, and energy Damage
500,000 mines in US
Essential but tear up surface and destroy vegetation
Cause erosion
Agriculture
Stalinization – build-up of salts in soil
Useless to plant eventually
Removal of forests
Removal of ecosystems and habitat
Disposal site
Landfills
Done correctly – minimal impact
May leak wastes into soil and ground water

30. Protecting Resources 4.4 In 1 year, the following are thrown out:
8 million TV
30 million cell phones
Enough tires to circle the earth 3 times
Conservation – careful use of resources
Pollution Prevention

32. Keeping Water Clean and Safe 4.4
1970s – Law to prevent or decrease pollution
Clean Water Act (CWA) – 1972
Requires industries to reduce/eliminate point source pollution
Increase in sewage treatment plants
Surface water for fishing and swimming increased
Safe Water Drinking Water Act – 1974
Protect drinking sources

33. Protecting the Air 4.4 Clean Air Act – 1970
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
6 pollutants to cause health problems
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
Lead
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Particulates
Decrease emissions from cars & power plants

34. Caring for Land Resources 4.4
Prevent pollution and manage resources
Farmers
Prevent topsoil loss and keep fertile soil
Less pesticides
Use Compost- partly decomposed organic material
Loggers
Selective cutting
Increase sanitary landfills (replacing dumps)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act – 1976
Illegal to dump hazardous waste
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act – 1980
Must clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites
Recycling – Collecting and processing used items