1. 09/06/09 GOOS Regional alliances NEAR - North-East Asian Regional-GOOS Japan – Seto Inland Sea – several HAB species Korea – blooms of Cochlodinium polykrikoides GOOS-Africa Benguela area EuroGOOS BOOS - Baltic Sea Operational Oceanographic System examples: a) blooms of HAB-cyanobacteria NOOS - North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System examples: a) Skagerrak-Kattegat blooms of fish killing flagellates, e.g. Pseudochattonella farcimen. b) UK waters with blooms of the fish killing dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi IBI-ROOS - Iberia-Biscay-Ireland Regional Operational Oceanographic System examples: a) Blooms of Dinophysis spp. in Galician Rias, Irish waters and in the Bay of Biscay. b) Blooms of Karenia mikimotoi in the Bay of Biscay and in Irish waters US-GOOS

2. 09/06/09 IOC-IPHAB recommended procedures for automated and semi-automated HAB-monitoring and forecasting within the Global Ocean Observing System Table of content Operational requirements Acronyms and definitions 1.Harmful Algal Blooms 2. Automated HAB-observations 3. In situ systems 4. Optical techniques for observing HABs 5. Other methods for automated in situ identification of HAB-species 6. In situ sensors for detecting algal bloom physiological processes 7. Remote sensing systems 8. HAB-forecasting systems 9. HAB-warnings 10. GOOS Regional alliances identified for the first HAB observation and forecasting systems

3. 09/06/09 Automated HAB-observations Only some HABs can be monitored using automated techniques There is value in monitoring for HAB species occurrence as well as for HAB- toxins/metabolites. The observing system should be designed to detect the HAB species that occur within a given region. No single system will work in all areas.

4. 09/06/09 Optical in situ techniques for observing HABs Absorbtion and scatterring Fluorescence – photoquenching is an issue – use night-time measurements if possible Chlorophyll Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin ALEC Chelsea Wetlabs TriOS Turner Designs HOBI labs

5. 09/06/09 In situ systems continued Important issues Bio fouling protection and short service intervals Depth resolution hiigh enough to detect HABs in thin layers - use profiling systems Minimum set of parameters Phytoplankton biomass proxy, i.e. night-time chlorophyll fluorescence Turbidity Salinity Temperature Specific HAB sensor if available (based on e.g. specific optical signature, molecular techniques or in situ flow cytometers with optical image analysis)

6. 09/06/09 Other methods for automated in situ identification of HAB-species Molecular biological techniques Automated image analysis in flow cytometers Sosik & Olson 2007 Environmental SamplePprocessor http://www.mbari.org/ESP/default.htm

7. 09/06/09 Remote sensing systems Systems mainly aimed at estimating chlorophyll (a proxy for total phytoplankton) near surface Only a few HABs can be identified using remote sensing techniques Remote sensing is useful for tracking advection of water masses MERIS image processed by SMHI (Envisat, European Space Agency) Bloom of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Proper 2008 MERIS image processed by Norwegian Institute for Water Research Chlorophyll a in the Skagerrak

8. 09/06/09 Observation data ordered from high detail to high spatial and temporal coverage Water samples Microscopic analyses Cell counts Biovolume meaurements – biomass in carbon Species identification using molecular techniqus Chlorophyll a – a proxy for total phytoplankton biomass Sensors on CTD:s, buoys, gliders, in FerryBox systems etc. Chlorophyll a fluorescence – another proxy for phytoplankton biomass Phycocyanin fluorescence – a proxy for some cyanobacteria Phycoerythrin fluorescence - a proxy for some HABs Remote sensing Chlorophyll a near surface Detection of a few HAB-organisms, e.g. accumulations of cyanobacteria

9. 09/06/09 Members IPHAB Task Team on HAB Observations and Forecasting Systems Task Team members as decided by IPHAB XIII Bengt Karlson, Sweden Patrick Gentien, France Robin Raine, Ireland (Chair of the IOC/SCOR Programme GEOHAB) Members who have joined during the intersessional period Stewart Bernard, South Africa Milton Campbell, Brazil Steve Groom, United Kingdom Liam Fernand, United Kingdom Seppo Kaitala, Finland Raphe Kudela, USA Thomas C. Malone, USA Tetsuo Yanagi, Japan Proposed members Susan Blackburn, Australia Joji Ishizaka, Japan Gemita Pizarro, Chile