1. GEO-CAPE Ocean Color Observations: Utilization for Applications/Operations Menghua Wang and Paul DiGiacomo NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research GEO-CAPE Review 15 November 2010 NASA HQ, Washington D.C.

2. NOAA Ocean and Coastal Ecosystem Interests & Observing Needs It is part of NOAA’s responsibility to help manage society’s use of ocean and coastal ecosystems, sustain natural resources and ecosystem health and services, and protect public health under several legislative & executive mandates, e.g., The Coastal Zone Management Act Coral Reef Protection Executive Order/Coral Reef Conservation Act The Clean Water Act The Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research & Control Act The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act The Marine Mammal Protection Act The National Coastal Monitoring Act The National Marine Sanctuaries Act Satellite ocean color data Satellite ocean color data, products and imagery are important sources of information to help fulfill these and other mandates and needs and to optimize use and protection of coastal and ocean resources. However, there are significant gaps in existing and planned capabilities…..

3. Images of MODIS ocean color (left) and GOES SST (right) for 18 Sept. 2005 showing the potential improvement in coverage provided by geostationary observations. Images courtesy of NOAA’s West Coast CoastWatch node (http://coastwatch.pfel.noaa.gov). MODIS-Aqua datahttp://coastwatch.pfel.noaa.gov courtesy of NASA GSFC. Temporal Resolution Comparison Increased temporal resolution from geostationary ocean color will greatly increase data coverage in persistently cloudy areas Increased temporal resolution from geostationary ocean color will greatly increase data coverage in persistently cloudy areas

4. Coastal applications that GEO-CAPE could potentially support: Monitor and assess water quality and clarity; track dynamic ocean features Detect, monitor, and predict the location and/or impacts of hazardous harmful algal blooms materials, conditions such as harmful algal blooms, sewage spills, oil spills oil spills, urban/stormwater runoff, hypoxia/anoxia, eutrophication et al. Appraise health of shallow water corals and other coastal habitats; improve habitat mapping and characterization new and improved Enhance the development and implementation of new and improved products for fisheries and integrated ecosystem assessments Better understand the habitat used by large pelagic animals that are tracked with electronic tags, including describing longer term trends Quantify the response of marine ecosystems to both short-term events and climate variability/change (e.g., ocean warming, acidification) Assess variability in phytoplankton biomass and productivity and associated forcing for an improved understanding of coastal carbon cycle Initialize, evaluate and validate output of coupled ocean-ecosystem models Direct research cruises based on real time ocean features and habitat NOAA Ocean and Coastal Ecosystem Interests & Observing Needs GEO-CAPE would support NOAA’s National Ocean Service (NOS), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), National Weather Service (NWS), as well as the supporting NESDIS efforts.

5. NOAA/NOS - http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/hab/ Harmful Algal Blooms – Operational Monitoring and Forecasting Gulf of Mexico: South Florida

6. Higher spatial resolution crucial for monitoring of complex coastal waters: Regional water quality applications Courtesy Bob Arnone, NRL MODIS (250 m) MODIS (1 km)

7. Cyanobacteria Landsat “true color” Lake Erie, courtesy OhioView

8. Spectral shape around “red edge” MERIS Bloom - negative 681-shape No Bloom positive 681 shape SeaWiFS & MODIS Band locations MODIS only band Wynne et al., 2008; IJRS 665 681 709

9. Utility of SWIR Bands in Turbid Coastal Waters Comparison: MODIS-derived chl-a using existing standard as well as new method using NIR-SWIR algorithm (Wang & Shi, 2007) US East Coast (panels a-c) China East Coast (panels d-f) Significance: MODIS- derived chlorophyll-a data are significantly improved using the new atmospheric correction techniques for turbid coastal waters, e.g. Chesapeake & Hangzhou Bays. Also see Wang, 2007; Wang et al., 2007 et al.

10. MODIS 250 m image of spill 04/25/10 Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill: True color imagery from MODIS et al. was invaluable

11. COSMO-SkyMed VVENVISAT VVRADARSAT-1 HH ALOS VV © JAXA, 2010 TERRA MODIS Daily Composite Product 6/9/10 Multiple Passes per Day Aided Mapping the Entire Extent of the Spill

12. Characterizing Habitat NOAA/NMFS/SWFSC PFEL Loggerhead turtle tracks along the Transitional Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) in the N. Pacific during Feb. ‘01 The TZCF is an important foraging ground for a number of commercial and protected species. Interannual variability in its location has been tied to the reproductive success of endangered monk seal pups. Polovina et al., Fish. Ocean., 2004 NOAA/NMFS/PIFSC SSH Chlorophyll

13. Chlorophyll Frontal Product: upcoming NOAA operational product Supports Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management

14. Expanded Future OCR Applications & Operations Creation of habitat suitability maps - establishing boundaries of marine sanctuaries; managing commercially and recreationally important living marine resources; directing in situ sampling efforts, and locating targeted organisms such as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Ecological prediction - forecasting year-class survival or growth rate of a species based on the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom; initialising and validating results of numerical ecological models; improving ecological forecasts through data assimilation; and nowcasting or forecasting the fate and transport of pollutants and pathogens. Extended use for climate change and impact assessments - to better estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of the air-sea CO2 flux and ocean acidification, especially in the coastal zone where riverine inputs and productive filaments can degrade the accuracy of estimates based only on sea surface temperature and scatterometer- derived wind speeds; providing data on the long term changes of surface biomass in response to climate change and other human activities. All will benefit from GEO-CAPE ocean color radiometry data….. (IOCCG Report #7: Why Ocean Colour?)

15. Summary & Future Directions NOAA is presently utilizing NASA and commercial ocean color observations (MODIS-Aqua, SeaWiFS) on an operational basis supporting various user needs. Continuation of the ongoing successful efforts to transition ocean color R&D capabilities into applications/operations is crucial to meet NOAA goals; in this context, GEO-CAPE represents an exciting opportunity to provide significantly improved data & derived information in support of user needs and requirements. Spatial resolution of 300 m (or better), temporal revisits on the order of 1 to 3 hours (or better), and enhanced spectral coverage/resolution are required for a variety of coastal applications. A constellation of geostationary ocean color imagers would be desirable to provide broader global coverage. Geostationary ocean color observations from GEO-CAPE would be of great interest to NOAA and other coastal scientists/users and would provide enhanced support for numerous research, applications, & operational activities.

16. Back-Up Slides

17. Vertical Migration, example with Heterocapsa Annual bloom, dinoflagellate not toxic in Chesapeake Bay w/Shipboard validation Tyler and Stumpf, RSE 1988 morning afternoon

18. Marine debris collects within the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone Pichel et al., Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007

19. Warrick et al., CSR, 2007 Satellite Observations of Stormwater Runoff Plumes Nezlin et al., ECSS, 2008 Runoff plumes are dynamic, episodic features, and can move 20-40 km/day Cloud cover limits their observation Plume Non-Plume