1.  Dr. Richard Gautheir  B.Sc. M.I.T. in 1967 in physics  M.Sc. University of Illinois 1971 in physics  Ph.D. Stanford University 1977 in psychology

2.  Peace Corps in Ghana  Applied Psychologist Computer information display design, Bell Labs  Ecological Advisor, Poland  Yoga Psychology Teacher, Washington, DC and throughout Europe,1981-96.  Physics Adjunct instructor (since 2006) and SSU (since 2011).  Has ongoing theoretical research in Quantum theory and Cosmology.

4.  Go to: http://www.phageinternational.com/http://www.phageinternational.com/

6. We know that there are some bacteria DIRECTLY beneficial to humans. Are there viruses, similar to bacteria, that DIRECTLY benefit humans?

7.  They are dead (or unconscious!).......................No  Engineered to attack bacteria or specific cell....No  Remember Phage?............................................YES

8.  Since ancient times, reports of river waters having the ability to cure infectious diseases have been documented, such as leprosy  In 1896, Ernest Hanbury Hankin reported that something in the waters of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India had marked antibacterial action against cholera and could pass through a very fine porcelain filter.Ernest Hanbury HankinGanges YamunaIndia antibacterialcholera

9.  FDA and USDA have approved ListShield as a food additive to target and kill Listeria monocytogenes.Listeria monocytogenes  Also used for for treating ready-to-eat (RTE) poultry and meat products.

10.  The winner is….

11.  “I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a sheep, I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a lion” ― Alexander the great

12.  Last week we covered several Billion years in 2 hours  We will slow down this week  We will cover only several million years!

13. Pre-historic and Ancient (Up to 500 AD)

15.  It used to be “Oldowan” stone tools around 2.6 million years ago.

16. More than 3 million years ago

17.  Fossilized bones scarred by hack marks reveal that our human ancestors were using stone tools and eating meat from large mammals nearly a million years earlier than previously thought.  From: http://news.discovery.com/history/early-human-tool-use.html

18.  According to a new study that pushes back both of these human activities to roughly 3.4 million years ago.  From: http://news.discovery.com/history/early-human-tool-use.html

19.  Animal horns  Plants thorn  Bird’s beak

21.  Human ancestors were using stone-tipped spears to hunt 500,000 years ago, 200,000 years earlier than previously thought.

22.  Creating a stone-tipped spear would have required  attaching stone to wood  handling multiple types of material at once  planning  goal-oriented behavior.

23.  The stone tips were found at an archaeological site called Kathu Pan 1 in the 1980s. In 2010, the tips were dated. By SINDYA N. BHANOO, Published: November 19, 2012, NYTimes.

24.  The scientists unearthed 64,000 year-old "stone points", which they say were probably arrow heads. Bows and Arrow

25.  Closer inspection of the ancient weapons revealed remnants of blood and bone that provided clues about how they were used. Bows and Arrow

26.  The shape of the geometric pieces indicated where it had been impacted and damaged, and how they were hafted. Bows and Arrow

28.  “ This showed that the pieces were very likely to have been the tips of projectiles – rather than sharp points on the end of hand-held spears,” Bows and Arrow

29.  The arrow heads also contained traces of glue - plant-based resin that the scientists think was used to fasten them onto a wooden or reed shaft.  Dr Marlize Lombard, a researcher and lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Johannesburg (UJ). Bows and Arrow

30.  The oldest sword-like weapons are found at Arslantepe, Turkey, and date to around 3300 BC.

31.  However, it is generally considered that these are longer daggers, and not the first ancestors of swords.

32.  Sword blades longer than 60 cm (24 in) were rare and not practical until the late Bronze Age  At longer lengths, the tensile strength of bronze starts to decrease radically, and consequently longer blades would bend easily.

33.  It was not until the development of stronger alloys such as steel, and improved heat treatment processes that long swords became practical for combat.

34.  Early “iron” swards were hardened by cold working, same as bronze age swards.  Later on, with the advancement of blacksmithery, Carburization was employed in sword making.

35. Damascus Sward  created from wootz steel, a steel developed in India around 300 BC.  Traces of nanowire and carbon nanotube were found. (2006 report)

36. Sword of Goujian (about 2700 years old)  The body of the blade is mainly made of copper, making it more pliant and less likely to shatter  The edges have more tin content, making them harder and capable of retaining a sharper edge

37. Hallstatt (900 BC)  Made from bronze or iron.  The power to deliver the slashing blow (heavy blades, thick necks), with no attempt to preserve the power of thrusting (blunt, triangular points)

38. Roman sword (or Gladius)  3 rd century BC  Blade strength was achieved by welding together strips, in which case the sword had a channel down the center.  The owner's name was often engraved or punched on the blade.

39.  Scimitar Swards (middle east) 9 th century AD  Samurai (Katana) Swards (Japanese) 10 th century AD

41.  Please answer: True or False?  The “blood groove” (or fuller) is on a sword to release pressure in the wound and allow the sword to come back out

43.  Catapult Invented by Greeks (400 BC)  First trebuchets were used in China around 300 BC.  Their use continued up to the Middle Ages.

45.  Both Catapult and Trebuchet mechanism is based on Shadoufs (3000 BC by Egyptians).

46.  We use it today in cranes and elevator (counterweight)

47.  Stones  Sharp wooden poles and darts  Fire  Casks of Burning Tar  Burning Sand ( this became trapped inside armor )  Pots of Greek Fire  Dung  Dead, sometime mutilated, bodies  Disease ridden bodies  Body parts  Dead animals  Any rotting matter  Quicklime  FROM: http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/trebuchet.htm

51.  Primm Solar Thermal Project  Ivanpah plant,  Company: BrightSource Energy  377-megawatt power

57.  One boomerang that was discovered in the Carpathian Mountains in Poland was made of mammoth's tusk  Dated to be about 30,000 years old.

58.  Egyptians used throwing sticks to hunt ducks (1000 BC)

59.  The oldest Australian Aboriginal boomerangs are ten thousand years old

60.  Boomerang is now evolved into many different shapes.

61.  Used for warfare during the bronze and the iron ages.  Biga required two horses, a triga three, and a quadriga required four horses. Bigatriga quadriga  Invention of the spoked wheel was crucial to the development of chariots.spoked  The earliest spoke-wheeled chariots date to ca. 2000 BC  Their use peaked around 1300 BC

62.  The earliest fully developed true chariots dates back to 2000BC in in modern Russia and Kazakhstan.RussiaKazakhstan  Chariot racing was the most popular spectator sport in ancient Rome.  Chariots were used in battles by Egyptians, Persians, Chinese, Greeks and Indians.  Romans used chariots mainly for racing.

63.  In 332 BC Alexander the Great laid siege to Tyre, a coastal base of the Phoenicians.Alexander the GreatTyrePhoenicians  In order to bring his siege engines within range, Alexander ordered the construction of moles.moles  The Tyrians responded by attacking the first mole with a large fireship, which destroyed it.  A large horse transport ship was packed with cedar torches, pitch, dried brush and other combustibles; above this were suspended cauldrons of sulfur, bitumen and "every sort of material apt to kindle and nourish flame". [ [

64.  Both the Assyrians and the Judeans used fire arrows at the siege of Lachish in 701 BC.AssyriansJudeansLachish

65.  More sophisticated devices were developed by the Romans which had iron boxes and tubes which were filled with incendiary substances and attached to arrows or spears.Romans  These arrows needed to be fired from loose bows, since swift flight extinguished the flame.  spears could be launched by hand or throwing machine.

67.  Discovered in caves in France dating about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago.  Tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing.

68.  Trained soldiers could let fly 10 bolts in 15 seconds.  The small and light arrow of the comparatively weak Chinese crossbow had little penetrative power.  For this reason the head of the arrow was sometimes dipped in poison, in order that a slight wound might prove fatal.

69.  main use of the zhua was to pull off the shields of enemies, leaving them exposed to the clawed hand of iron.

71.  wooden container filled with tubes in the shape of a hexagon, which, when viewed from the front, gave the weapon the appearance of a large honeycomb.  Inside each of the tubes was a rocket propelled arrow.  The rockets launched the arrows with more power and range than that of a traditional bow.  Up to 32 arrows could be launched from a nest at once.

72.  used in the arenas by the gladiators of the ancient Roman Empire.  Made from hardened steel, the scissor measured up to one and a half feet long and 5-7 pounds

74.  Greek name: Gastraphetes  Believed to be built around 399 BC by a team of Greek craftsmen.  Some researchers believe it was invented earlier.

75.  The Ancient Iraqis would fill a terracotta jar with scorpions and then seal it.  The jars were then thrown at the attacking army.  The jar would break, releasing the scorpions either on the enemy soldiers or in the battlefield itself.

77. Goulash!