1. Institute for Transport Studies FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT Chris Nash Institute for Transport Studies University of Leeds C.A.Nash@its.leeds.ac.uk Rail Reform - British experience

2. Outline 1.Introduction 2.Passenger franchising 3.Problems of cost control 4.Freight 5.Conclusions

3. British approach to rail reform No remaining state owned operator – all operations privatised All passenger services franchised, mainly by national government (DfT)(Services in Wales, Scotland, Greater London and Merseyside devolved) 20 franchises Freight privatised with open access (DB Schenker and Freightliner main operators) Strong independent regulator (ORR) Separation of infrastructure from operations in 1994; Railtrack privatised

4. PASSENGER FRANCHISING

5. Nature of passenger franchise Net cost contract (good incentives, especially re more commercial services?), but problem of risk so revenue risk shared (also payments indexed to inflation and government bears risk re track access charges) Length currently normally7+3 years (government did decide on longer franchises but abandoned this after problems) Franchisee usually responsible for providing rolling stock, usually from leasing companies (but may lead to high prices unless government bears residual risk, and also lack of innovation) Recent major procurements led by government: -Inter city Express Passenger -Thameslink -Crossrail

6. Franchisees GroupOwnersNature of CompanyNationality National Express Private, bus and railBritish Firstgroup Private, bus and railBritish ArrivaDBPublic, bus and railGermany Stagecoach Private, bus and railBritish Virgin Private, rail and airBritish MTR Public railHong Kong Go ahead Private, bus and railBritish Via railSNCFPublic railFrance SERCOSercoPrivate, utilityBritish ABELLIONSPublic railNetherlands Deutsche BahnDBAGPublic railGermany

7. Rail passenger km in Great Britain 1996-2014

8. Reasons for passenger growth? Economic growth? But scarcely affected by recession Reduced competition from road -Slow growth of car ownership -Congestion worsening road journey times -Rising petrol costs Reduced rail fares, improved rail services and better marketing

9. PROBLEMS OF COST CONTROL

10. Passenger railway costs per train km (2011/2 prices) (£b) 1996/72005/62011/2 Total20.227.025.4 Infrastructure 9.214.413.9 Operations.11.012.611.5 See Smith and Nash (2014)

11. Infrastructure costs: Rail regulator benchmarking

12. Infrastructure manager developments After the Hatfield accident in 2000, high levels of spending on the infrastructure and compensation to train operators led to Railtrack becoming insolvent Successor, Network Rail, a not for dividend private company with members, not shareholders, but with debt guaranteed by the government In 2014, reclassified as a public sector company

13. British Train Operating Company Costs Evidence that British franchises are typically too big Wheat and Smith (2015) Problems in managing franchise failure Some costs such as fuel cost, insurance and policing have risen a lot Big rise in staff costs partly due to competition for scarce skilled staff? Lack of alignment of incentives between infrastructure and operations (McNulty)

14. McNulty report 2011 recommendations Should achieve a 30% reduction in costs by 2018/9 Rail Delivery group to oversee Decentralisation of Network Rail, with regional concessions and closer links with train operators (Leasing of infrastructure to operators?) Longer (at least 15 year) less highly specified franchises carrying more risk re revenue and infrastructure costs Increased local involvement in specification and funding

15. Possible solution – growth of on track competition Competition and Markets Authority Report 2015. Might produce more on track competition by -Removing constraints on entry -Splitting franchises in two -More overlapping franchises -BUT -Lack of track capacity -Lack of integrated timetables -Loss of economies of density

16. Possible solution - reform of franchising Long franchises necessary whenever franchisee responsible for service development, procuring rolling stock, influencing infrastructure investment (at least 20 years) Chiltern 20 year franchise the model Short gross cost franchises may make sense where the franchising authority is responsible for asset procurement, marketing, influencing working practices etc. London Overground 7 year franchise the model Alliances with Network Rail crucial – ideally complete sharing of changes in revenue and cost SW Trains the model.

17. FREIGHT

18. Rail and road freight traffic Great Britain. billion tonne km YearRailRoad 1975 2192 1995 13150 2000 18159 2005 22163 201019151 Source: TSGB 2014

19. Rail freight traffic 2014/5 b tonne km Coal6.50 Metals1.82 Construction3.93 Oil1.21 International0.60 Domestic intermodal 6.49 Other1.67 Total22.21

20. Was freight privatisation a success? Gave customers choice Traffic growth- but entirely coal and containers. Productivity of labour and rolling stock (doubling of mean train loads, big rise in labour productivity) Re entering some markets – e.g. food for supermarkets, post

21. Conclusions Reforms successful in boosting passenger and freight traffic, although not the main cause of the spectacular growth Complete separation of infrastructure from operations problematic – alliances with main operators may be a solution Franchising has not achieved the expected cost reductions, but reforming franchising more likely to achieve objectives than extension of open access. Freight competition a limited success.

22. References McNulty, Sir R (2011) Realising the potential of GB Rail: final independent report of the Rail Value for Money study. Department for Transport and Office of Rail Regulation, London. http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/report-of-the-rail-vfm- study/realising-the-potential-of- gb-rail.pdf Smith, A S J, Nash C A and Wheat P (2009), Passenger rail franchising in Britain: has it been a success? International Journal of Transport Economics 36(1) 33-62. Andrew Smith and Chris Nash (2014) Rail Efficiency: cost research and its implications for policy. Discussion paper, International Transport Forum Y. Crozet et al (2014) Development of rail freight in Europe: What regulation can and cannot do CERRE Discussion Paper, Brussels