1. Behaviour Change Strategies Prof. Erik Bichard University of Salford

2. Policy and Behaviour Change Influencing behaviour is central to public policy Changing minds based on traditional carrot and stick strategies assumes that people make ‘perfectly rational’ decisions, but this is not the case Changing the context within which people make decisions is likely to have more success (conclusions from Dolan et.al., (2010) Mindspace report

3. Denial

4. Confusion

5. ‘Information does not necessarily lead to increased awareness, and increased awareness does not necessarily lead to action [These] must be backed up by other approaches’ From demos/Green Alliance report Carrots, Sticks and Sermons (2003)

6. Common Reasons for Inaction Climate change is not happening It is, but it is overstated We (UK) are only a tiny part of the problem It is important, and something should be done but… – The government should fix it – Technology will save us – The market will rectify the problem – Other polluters (China, US etc.) go first – Why should I do something if others don’t – The problem is too big for me to influence – I would act, but don’t like any of the low carbon choices

7. not concerned not as dangerous dangerous but not too late too late everyone should do something we are all responsible legislate a tax companies are responsible From work done by CDSM

8. Consumer concern mapped against level of consumer action Not strongly concerned about global warming, but willing to take actions where clearly signposted and supported by incentives and social norms Concerned about global warming, willing to take make an effort, empowered to take significant action Do not see global warming as an issue to be personally concerned about, or take any action Concerned about global warming but challenged to see how their action could make a difference Level of Concern Level of Action Taken 10% 9% 6%75% After Accountability/Consumer International Survey 2007

9. What are Attitudes and Behaviours Attitudes are ‘certain regularities of an individual’s feelings, thoughts and predisposition to act towards some aspect of his/her environment’. (Secord and Backman, 1969) Emotions (affective) + Thought (cognitive) + Willingness to act (behaviour) = Attitude Willingness is tempered by a belief that the action will be effective, but also that it will be well received by others (Ajzen and Fishbien (1980)

10. Sustainable Decision-making Is there a problem? Do I care? Do I know what to do about it? Will the Solution Work? What will my peers think of my behaviour? After Ajzen and Fishbien (1980) Theory of Reasoned Action

11. The Fear of Making the Wrong Decision is Very Powerful

12. Reacts to Problems by… Searches for… Pioneers Doing something about it themselves Something new and exciting Prospectors Organising with others Something that feels good Settlers Calling for someone to do something Something that is safe After Rose, Dade and Scott (2007) Values-Based Segmentation

13. Triple Track Strategy Intervene with the right information at the optimum point in the decision-making process Use incentives that support the proposition Surround doubters with evidence that others accept the change and would approve of those who join them.

14. Intelligent Education and Awareness It is important to avoid the temptation to lead the horses to the water and then go off for a cup of tea Schultz’s light bulbs PVC and the pregnant woman

15. Smarter Education and Awareness After Goodhew, Pahl and Auburn, 2010

16. The Power of Other People Norm-based behaviour is an essential element in motivating change The close your eyes exercise Cialdini’s hotel and restaurant experiments Amec’s ‘dramatic’ transformation

17. Incentives Peer competition- -Lovins’ Dow story Reward culture – FRC (brave, creative, passionate and professional)

18. Putting it all together Visible cues – BSkyB Salford University’s ‘boilers for fruit’ experiment