1. Prof. Dr. Rengin Yıldırım
The Eye Lids
Prof. Dr. Rengin Yıldırım

2. Normal Anatomy Both the upper & lower eyelids have similar structure
They consist of an anterior lamella (skin & orbicularis muscle) and a posterior lamella (tarsal plate & conjunctiva)

5. The orbital septum extends from the orbital rim and separates the preseptal orbicularis muscle from the preaponeurotic fat pad.
The lid retractors lie between the preaponeurotic fat pad and the globe.

7. Lid Retractors
The upper lid retractors consist of levator palpebra superior muscle and its aponeurosis and the superior tarsal muscle (Muller’s muscle)
The lower lid retractors arise from the sheat of the inferior rectus muscle and are similarly composed of aponeurosis and the inferior tarsal muscle

8. The structure eye lid margin
The gray line divide s eye lid margin into anterior and posterior parts
Eye lashes, moll & zeis glands orifices takes place at the front part
Meibomian gland orifices are placed behind the gray line.

9. Disorders of the eye lashes
Trichiasis:Posterior misdirection of eye lashes from their normal sites of origin.
Metaplastic lashes: which originate from the meibomian gland orifices

10. Distichiasis in which partial or complete second row of lashes arises from or behind the meibomian gland orifices

11. Madorosis is decrease in number or complete loss of lashes
Poliosis Premature whitening of lashes sometimes may involve eye brows

12. Blepharitis Common bilateral symmetrical condition
Anterior form is usually because of stayphlococcal infection in sebborrhoeic patients
Posterior form is associated with meibomian gland dysfunction
(ocular rosasea)

13. Anterior Blepharitis

14. Posterior Blepharitis

15. Entropion
Entropion or inversion of the lid margin may be congenital and acquired.
The acquired variety can be the result of ageing changes (involutional entropion) or the cicatricial changes (cicatricial entropion)

16. Pathogenesis of Senile Entropion
Horizontal Lid Laxity as well as medial and lateral tendon laxity
Overriding of preseptal orbicularis over pretarsal orbicularis
Lower lid retractor weakness which is recognized clinically by decreased excursion of the lower lid in downgaze.

18. Cicatricial entropion can effect either the upper and the lower lid.
Common causes include trachoma, acid and alkali burns and chronic conjunctival inflammations such as ocular pemphigoid.

19. Ectropion
Ectropion or the eversion of the lid margin can be congenital and acquired.
The acquired forms are the result of either ageing changes (involutional ectropion), or mechanical reasons (caused by tumors) or the scarring of the anterior lamella (cicatricial ectropion) or weakness of the orbicularis muscle (paralytic ectropion)

22. Ptosis: Abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper lid.
Neurogenic
Third nerve palsy
Horner syndrome
Marcus Gun jaw-winking syndrome
Third nerve misdirection

23. Ptosis Myogenic Myastenia gravis Myotonic dystophy Ocular myopathy
Simple congenital
Blepharophimosis syndrome

24. Ptosis
Mechanical
Aponuretic
Involutional
Postoperative

25. Blepharophimosis Syndrome: Telecanthus, epicanthus inversus,bilateral ptosis

26. Simple Congenital Ptosis
This is caused by a developmental dystrophy of the levator muscle.
It can be bilateral or unilateral
In down gaze the ptotic eye lid is slightly higher then the normal eye lid as a result of poor relaxation
Frequently there is absence of the upper eye lid crease
Usually levator function is poor
Sometimes weakness of the superior rectus muscle may accompany

27. Simple Congenital Ptosis

29. Marcus Gunn Jaw-winking: A retraction of the ptotic lid in conjunction with stimulation of the ipsilateral pterygoid muscle

30. Third nerve misdirection: Bizarre movements of the upper lid which accompany various eye movements

31. Evaluation of the patient with ptosis
Margin-reflex distance : This is the distance between the upper lid margin and the light reflex in pupil is normally 4-4.5mm. If this distance decrases then there is ptosis.

32. Evaluation of the patient with ptosis
Vertical fissure height: This is the distance between upper and lower eye lids margins. Normally upper eye lid margin rests 2 mm below the upper limbus, and lower eye lid margin rests 1 mm above the lower limbus. VFH is 9mm in males and 11mm in females.

33. Evaluation of the patient with ptosis
Levator Function can be assesed by the upper the lid excursion. It is measured after eliminating frontalis muscle function by pressing above the eye brow and ask the patient to look down, and up. The amount of excursion is measured with a ruler.
Normal:15mm or more
Good: 12mm
Fair:5-11mm
Poor:4mm or less

34. Treatment of ptosis
Congenital ptosis in which levator function is poor,
Levator resection is the most chosen operation
Other procedures:
Frontalis Brow Suspension

35. Treatment of ptosis
Involutional and aponeurotic ptosis: In this condition levator function is mostly good and the pathology is the detachment of the levator muscle from the upper border of the tarsus so we just attach the levator back to the upper tarsal border.

36. Dermatochalasis It is very common in elderly,
The eye lids have baggy appearance with indistint lid creases.
Treatment is blepharoplasty

37. Lid Retraction
This condition is suspected when the upper lid margin is above the superior limbus.
It is most commonly seen in thyroid eye disease

38. Epicanthal folds These are very common,
Bilateral vertical skin folds that overhangs from the upper or lower lid towards the medial canthus.
They may give rise to a pseudo-esotropia.

39. Telecanthus This is an uncommon condition.
There is increased distance between the medial canthi as a result of abnormally long medial tendons.
It should not be confused with hypertelorism in which there is wide separation of the orbits.

40. Coloboma
This is uncommon congenital partial or full-thickness eye lid defect.
The upper lid coloboma is not associated with systemic anomalies
The lower lid coloboma is frequently associated with systemic anomalies such as Treacher Collins Syn.

41. Strawberry Naevus (Capillary Haemangioma)
Unilateral, red, raised lesion
Most common during first year of life
Resolves spontaneously by the age 4-7
Steroid injections can be given for vision threatening cases

42. Pyogenic Granuloma
Fast growing granulamatous hemangioma which is usually after surgery or trauma

43. Keratoacanthoma Uncommon benign but rapidly growing tumour
Most common in immunsuppressive patients

44. Solar (Actinic ) Kertosis
Most common pre-malign skin lesion

45. Basal Cell Carcinoma Most comman human malignancy
90% cases occur in head and neck, 10% of these involve eye lid.
Slow groving, locally invasive but non metastasizing

46. Squamoous cell carcinoma
It accounts for 5-10 % of eye lid malignancies
Potentially more aggressive tumour than BCC
There are 3 main clinical types
Plaque like
Nodular
Ulcerating