1. Spirometry

2. Respiration
External respiration – Gas exchange between blood and alveoli
Internal respiration – Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells

3. Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration – Diaphragm and intercostals muscles contract resulting in increased volume and decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity; air rushes in

4. Pulmonary Ventilation
Expiration – Diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax resulting in decreased volume and increased pressure in the thoracic cavity; air pushed out

5. Respiratory Volumes
Tidal volume - normal amount of air inhales or exhaled
Inspiratory reserve volume - amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume – amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation

6. Respiratory Volumes
Vital capacity – maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
Residual volume – amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

7. Factors altering normal function
Diseases
Disorders
Pollutants in the environment
Trauma