1. Economic Geography Urban and Rural Geography Political Geography

2. Four Types – Primary Activities Use natural resources directly (at site) Ex: wheat farming, iron – Secondary Activities Use raw materials to manufacture something Close to resource Ex: manufacturing steel – Tertiary Activities provide services to people and businesses (near customer) Ex: Car Dealer, Bakeries – Quaternary Activities Process and distribute information (anywhere) Ex: research, engineering

3.  3 types of economic systems  Subsistence Economy  Market Economy  Command Economy

4.  People make goods for themselves and family  Little surplus/exchange = limited markets  Found in poor countries  Ex: Africa, S.E. Asia

5.  People Freely Choose what to buy and sell  Free enterprise = competition  Capitalism  Found in rich countries  Ex: USA, Europe

6.  Government makes all major economic decisions  Communism = system in which government owns almost all means of production  Ex: Cuba, North Korea, China

8. The creation and distribution of resources affect the locations of economic activities – The need for a resource draws business and workers where it is found – Business must find ways to ship products EX: Gold Rush of CA. San Francisco grows – Changes in technology, transportation, and communication also affect location and patterns of economic activities Refrigerated box cars, increase market Internet

9.  Development refers to steady improvements in a country’s economy in people’s quality of life.  Economic progress varies greatly among different countries and within countries.  We use a variety of tools and statistics to figure out level of development Dubai 1990 and 2009

10. Gross National Product (GNP) – Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year – Includes all foreign owned industry Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – All goods and services produced within a country Industrialization – Process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area Other measures – Telephone use, internet access, energy use, and transportation

11.  Level of development is directly related to standard of living  Measured by factors such as income levels, education, literacy rate, food consumption, health care, technology level, and life expectancy  Literacy rate – % of people who can read and write. Greg Mortenson in Afghanistan

12.  Developed: rich countries with high levels of industrialization and high standard of living  Less than 25% of world’s population live in developed countries  USA, Europe, Japan  Developing: less productive economically, low standard of living  Africa, Asia, Central & South America

16.  Middle-Income Countries: have features of both developed and developing. Cities are modern, rural areas very poor.  Ex: Mexico, Brazil, Thailand, Malaysia, Argentina

19.  Infrastructure: a system of roads, ports, and other facilities needed by a modern economy.  Developed: low birth rates, low death rates, high literacy rates, high per capita GDP  Developing are going to be opposite

20.  First cities appeared in SW Asia more than 5,000 years ago  Made possible through domestication, sustain life off farm  Urbanization: growth of people living in cities  Cultural diffusion increases  75% of developed world lives in cities  Cities growing larger and faster

21.  Reasons cities grow  Near key resources ▪ Fresh water ▪ Minerals ▪ oil  Along transportation/trade routes ▪ Rivers & ports  Easily defendable sites ▪ Hilltops, islands ▪ Jerusalem, Paris (Seine)

22.  Rural areas are found outside of cities, agriculture is the key economic activity  Subsistence agriculture: most practiced form of agriculture in the world. Food produced by a family for its own needs. Anything extra is used to barter or sell for other needed goods. ▪ Shifting agriculture – clear trees and brush for farming, slash and burn farming ▪ Pastoralism – herding animals, can represent wealth and prestige.

23.  Market oriented Agriculture  Commercial agriculture  Found in developed countries  Very productive  Agribusiness: operation of specialized commercial farms for more efficiency and profits

24.  195 countries in the world each with its own independent government and political system  Countries interact with each other in peace, this is called diplomacy. They also interact through trade agreements and international organizations.  United Nations and World Trade Organization  Example of international organization that helps countries interact

25.  Political and military cooperation are developed in the United Nations (UN)  Nearly all countries are members  Main goal is to settle disputes between countries and prevent wars  Solve global problems such as disease, hunger, and illiteracy

26.  Can affect how governments are set up and operate.  Religious holidays  Influence decisions and policy  Israel: Religion drives policy  Iran

27.  Three types of boundaries separate countries from each other  Natural boundaries  Cultural boundaries  Geometric boundaries

28.  Mountains are good natural boundaries  Difficult to cross and are permanent markers  Rivers can be troublesome boundaries  Many rivers are shared transportation routes  They move  Other examples: deserts, lakes, and oceans

29.  These are borders that are based on cultural traits, such as religion or language  Religion lines: India and Pakistan. Also Ireland  Language lines: Portugal and Spain Every day, a flag-lowering ceremony takes place at Wagah Border, which connects India and Pakistan

30.  Follow regular, geometric patterns, usually straight lines without regard to environmental or cultural patterns.  Usually follow latitude and longitude lines ▪ 45 th parallel between USA and Canada  Can cause issues and conflict ▪ Africa colonial footprint

31.  Totalitarian  One person, or a select few decide what is best for everyone  Monarchy  nationalism  Democratic  All citizens have a voice and decide who will govern