1. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 5-1 Chapter Five l Race, Ethnicity, and Families

2. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-2 Racial-Ethnic Groups l Racial groups  groups with a common set of physical features that distinguishes them from others l Vary from country to country and over time l Ethnic groups  groups that think of themselves as distinct from others by virtue of common ancestry and shared culture

3. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-3 l Racial-ethnic  term reflects elements of racial and ethnic groups-- recognizes overlap and ambiguity of terms l Social creation, which reflects cultural norms, social inequality and political power Racial-Ethnic Groups

4. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-4 l Great differences in family structure by racial ethnic groups l Whites l African Americans l Hispanics l Asian Americans Racial-Ethnic Groups

5. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-5

6. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-6 l Decline of marriage l Fewer young women who will ever marry l 64% in 1990s (88% in 1950s) l Large percentage of children born out of wedlock l 69% in 1998 (38% in 1970) l Family households headed by one parent increased l 58% in 1998 (33% in 1970) African-American Families

7. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-7

8. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-8 l Union formation - first unions formed are twice as likely to be cohabitations as for whites l The Impact of Economics l More likely to weigh economic considerations l Effects of availability of welfare on choice to marry African-American Families

9. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-9

10. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-10

11. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-11 l Shortage of employed African- American men l For every 3 unmarried women, only 1 man has a job l Society-wide economic restructuring l Jobs eliminated in central city areas and manufacturing areas African-American Families

12. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-12 l African-American men l High school drop out rates high l Effects of violence and drugs l High rate of imprisonment l High homicide rates l Many in mental hospitals due to drug addiction or alcoholism African-American Families

13. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-13 l Impact of culture l Families  twice as likely as other groups to have a grandparent or other kin living with them l Grandparents play a stronger role in families African-American Families

14. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-14 l Women-centered kinship ties and network l Network of kin ties more important than marital ties l Support of children important  Daddy (provides support) vs. Father (biological father) l Female-centered networks ease the hardship of persistent poverty African-American Families

15. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-15 l Explaining decline of marriage in group l No consensus l Changes in economy important l Society-wide shift in values and labor market damaging to African Americans African-American Families

16. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-16 l Rise of Middle-Class Families l Some manage to escape poverty l Educational statistics show great improvement l Hold on middle class precarious due to fewer assets than whites l Assistance from kin helps them to become upwardly mobile African-American Families

17. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-17 Hispanic Families l As much variation within the group as between Hispanics and other groups l Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans = 31.3 million people l Mexicans and Mexican Americans = 65% l Central and South Americans = 14% l Puerto Rican = 10% l Cuban Americans = 4%

18. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-18 l Higher birthrate than any other racial- ethnic group l TFR (total fertility rate) l Marry at a younger age l Multigenerational norm l Kinship ties very strong l Larger families are marriage-based Mexican-American Families

19. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-19

20. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-20 Mexican-American Families l Changes in lives of Mexican American women l Large labor force participation (53%) l Traditional gender role views still held

21. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-21

22. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-22 Puerto Rican Families l U.S. Citizens (44% live in U.S.) l Most economically disadvantaged of Hispanic groups (27% below poverty) l Highest unemployment levels and lowest labor force participation l High rates of informal marriage  consensual union

23. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-23 l 2nd to African-Americans in out of wedlock children l Birth of child defines whether woman defines union as cohabitation or consensual l Socially recognized unions l Cohabitation = living together l Consensual = cohabitating, couples consider themselves married, but no formal vows l Marriage = union with formal vows Puerto Rican Families

24. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-24 Cuban-American Families l First wave immigrated for political asylum l Mariel refugees = 2nd wave, discrimination from first group l Most prosperous of Hispanic groups l Entrepreneurs  high number of business owners

25. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-25 l Most early immigrants settled in Miami l Lived within immigrant enclave l Families more likely to be headed by married couple than any other Hispanic group l Conjugal families  help businesses Cuban-American Families

26. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-26 l Emphasize interdependence among kin more than Western cultures l Prosperous group  pool economic resources l Some like later Vietnamese immigrants are less likely to prosper l fewer skills l received less assistance l poor economy on arrival Asian-American Families

27. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-27 l Traditional patterns may not survive through subsequent generations l more egalitarian relationships l rates of interracial marriage have increased substantially Asian-American Families

28. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-28 Social Capital and Immigrant Families l Social capital l resources that a person can access through his or her relationship with other people l links to an immigrant community is an asset l use for support to start businesses

29. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-29 l Kinship networks important for identity and resources l 43% live on or near tribal lands l Numbers increased due to intermarriages and claiming ancestry American Indian Families

30. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-30 l Economically disadvantaged l Median income comparable to African Americans l Substantial number of families headed by women l 31% headed by unmarried women American Indian Families

31. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-31 Race, Ethnicity, and Kinship l Family ties central to success l Substantial differences among and between groups l Family ties provide critical assistance to start new businesses

32. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5-32 l Cultural differences reflected in kinship forms l Immigrant entrepreneurs utilize marriage-centered kin l Women-centered kin networks require sharing of resources Race, Ethnicity, and Kinship