1. By AP Environmental Science and Sustainability

2. ø “Sustainability is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” (United Nations 1987 Brundtland Report)

4. ø The amount of resources consumed over a period of time by a person, organization, community or nation

5. ø China - 6,538,367.00 ø USA - 5,838,381.00 ø India - 1,612,362.00 ø Japan - 1,254,543.00 ø Germany - 787,936.00 ø Canada - 557,340.00 ø Australia - 374,045.00 ø Earth - 29,321,302.00

7. ø 97% of Earth’s water is salt water, 3% is freshwater, 2/3 of which is frozen ø Only 1% of Earth’s water is useful to humans ø It IS a renewable resource but we are using it up faster than it is being replenished

11. Global Uses of Water Agriculture (mostly irrigation): 69% Industry: 23% Domestic use (household, drinking water, sanitation): 8% Energy Hydropower

12. ø Humans effect the water supply by: Wasting water/depleting water supply Constructing reservoirs and dams Draining wetlands Paving areas Channelizing stream flow Dumping waste and polluting ø Available fresh water amount may be effected by climate change

13. ø The discharge of raw sewage into natural waters, mainly in underdeveloped countries ø Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the waterways ø Agricultural runoff ø Urban storm water runoff ø Chemical waste

14. ø Cote D’Ivor, and Nigeria are famous for having parts of their water supply polluted to the point where human consumption is unrealistic ø In the Ivory Coast, they burn computers and have had toxic sludge dumped on their drinking supplies

15. ø Sudan Crisis ø Somalia ø Israel Palestine Conflict ø According to the UN, resource wars are to be considered the epicenter of most third world conflicts

17. ø Much of our clothing comes from plants such as cotton ø Even some synthetic fibers (such as rayon) are produced from plants ø Most clothing dyes are also derived from plants ø Unsustainable farming practices can have widespread effects on the environment

18. ø Decrease of soil over time due to over agriculture ø Occurs when nutrients are removed and not replaced

19. ø Excess nutrients can run off into water supply ø Over 98% of pesticides reach more then their target species, and get into air, water and soil ø Reduce biodiversity

20. ø Organic agriculture is the process of producing food naturally ø Encourages biodiversity ø Reduces the risk of humans consuming pesticides ø Reduces pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions ø Organic foods are only more expensive because there isn't a huge demand for it by consumers yet; for it to be cheaper, more people need to buy it

21. ø Prevents soil depletion, and reduces soil erosion ø Maintains soil fertility ø Prevents diseases ø Helps control weeds

23. ø Often enter the water supply ø Mainland China (Yellow river) polluted by industrial waste from textiles ø Solutions would be to reuse materials for new dye’s

24. ø Limited clothing owned by K-mart makes many, many types of garments worn by kids and adults. ø To save money, they use heavy chemicals to keep the clothes wrinkle free and good looking. ø Doctors have tested the clothing and found a deadly chemical called formaldehyde in children's pants.

25. ø Are often acidic for example: sulfuric acid, acetic acid, sodium sulfate, and surfactants) ø Also metallic's, and sulfurs that have a major destructive impact ø Sulfur or sulfide dyes: contain sulfur or are precipitated from sodium sulfide bath ø C8

26. ø Formaldehyde is found in clothes and dyes to keep clothing looking crisp and fresh. ø Formaldehyde is a chemical that might cause cancer, but in the trace amounts contained in dyes, it should not cause problems. ø Formaldehyde is generated by growing plants and is pretty much unavoidable. ø Excess formaldehyde must be removed from all places where it naturally occurs prior to manufacturing

27. ø Dyes from Plants: Red: Madder (Rubia tinctorum), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), Brazilwood (Caesalpinaia echinata) and alkanet (Alkannna tinctoria) Yellow: onion skins, turmeric, cold tea, rhubarb, tansy, dyers chamomile and dyers greenweed. ø Mordants (to get dye to stick to fabric) Vinegar Salt Alum (shorthand for aluminum potassium sulphate)

28. ø TENCEL® is the brand name for a recently improved fabric from a fiber generically called lyocell ø Lyocell fiber is eco-friendly. It is a cellulosic fiber made from agricultural waste to create a textile that is biodegradable and recyclable. ø Lyocell falls somewhere in- between natural and artificial fibers

30. ø 35% to 45% comes from institutions and commercial sources ø containers and packaging materials represent nearly 1/3 of what we throw away ø Paper and textile products make up ¼ of Municipal Solid Waste. ø Durable goods represent another 16%.

31. ø Yard trimmings and food scraps equal around 12% to 13% each. ø Plastics account for 11.7% ø Metals (7.6%) ø Rubber, leather and textiles (7.3%) ø Wood (5.5%) ø Glass (5.3%) ø Other (3.3%)

33. Ways to reduce waste stream: Reducing Waste Production Reusing Waste Material Recycling Pollution Prevention is better, easier and cheaper than clean-up

34. ø Most plastic bags are made from a type of plastic called polyethylene 80% of which is produced from natural gas – an abundant, yet non-renewable resource ø Pulp and paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water and land of any industry in the country. ø Using reusable bags can significantly reduce the amount of paper and plastic in the waste stream

35. ø Electronic waste (e-waste) now makes up 5% of all municipal solid waste worldwide ø Heavy metals in e-waste: lead, zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium

36. ø Growing cotton uses 22.5% of all the insecticides used globally. ø Growing enough cotton for one t-shirt requires 257 gallons of water. ø The use of rayon for clothing is contributing to the rapid depletion of the world's forests. ø Petroleum-based products are detrimental to the environment on many levels. ø A cord of wood (wood stacked 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet, or 128 cubic feet) produces nearly 90,000 sheets of paper ø There are a variety of materials considered "environmentally- friendly" for a variety of reasons. The renewability of the product. The ecological footprint of the resource - how much land it takes to support it. How many chemicals it requires to grow/process it to make it ready for market.

37. ø We Manufacture “Waste” All Day, Every Day ø 3% of the Btu value of coal becomes usable light ø 5% of a palm oil plant gets used to make detergent ø 8% of the sugars in barley are fermented to make beer ø 0.2% of the coffee plant becomes the coffee we drink ø ~60% of the materials used in our industrial economy become waste before they enter the economy ø The total acreage devoted to landfill use in the US is about 560,000 acres (about 0.02% of all the land in the nation)

38. Sustainable fabrics ø HEMP ø WOOL ø ORGANIC COTTON ø SOY SILK ø INGEO™ CORN FIBER ø BAMBOO ø FORTREL EcoSpun™

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