1. Plant Kingdom

2. Plant Adaptations to Land
Solutions:
Roots absorb H2O & minerals
Lignin & cellulose in cell walls
Vascular Transport System
Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells
Pollen containing sperm
Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in Height for Light
Adaptations for Drier environment
Reproduction

3. How Are Plants All Alike?

4. Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes
Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose (starch)

5. Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage
Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage
Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue

6. Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte
2n Sporophyte
2n gametophyte
1n pollen
2n seed with plant embryo
Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs)
Sporophyte

7. Plant Reproduction
Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis
Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage
Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis
Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte

8. Plant Divisions

9. Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called Vascular System
Vascular Bundles

10. Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem

11. Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
-Found above ground
-Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant

12. Vascular Plants Also called Tracheophytes
Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Moss

13. Seedless Vascular Plants
Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta)
Whisk ferns
Horsetails

14. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds

15. Gymnosperms Coniferophyta are known as conifers
Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir
Cycadophyta – cycads
Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
Cycad
Ginkgo

16. Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine
Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood

17. Angiosperms Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)

18. Angiosperms Division Anthophyta
Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons

19. Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3
Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem

20. Dicots Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem

21. Plant Uses

22. Why We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food

23. More Reasons We Can’t do Without Plants!
Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines such as asprin
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes

24. copyright cmassengale
7 Leaves are part of a plant’s shoot system. The xylem tissue in leaves transports —
A the bacteria needed for nitrogen fixation in root nodules
B the wax required to coat the surface of actively growing tissue
C the water and minerals that are absorbed by the roots
D the oxygen that regulates the rate of carbohydrate production
copyright cmassengale

25. copyright cmassengale
44 Copper is a micronutrient that can be found in soil. Copper is important for reproductive growth in plants and plays an indirect role in chlorophyll production. Which statement correctly describes the interaction that occurs between the root and the shoot systems of plants to allow reproduction to occur?
F Copper is produced in the roots when copper-containing compounds are hydrolyzed.
G Copper that is absorbed by the roots is transported to reproductive tissues by the shoot system.
H The shoot system stores copper for later use by the roots and the reproductive structures.
J The shoot system transports copper to the roots after it is taken in through stomata in the leaves.
copyright cmassengale

26. copyright cmassengale
51 Changes in water pressure within guard cells cause the cells to open or close the stoma. This response helps the plant maintain homeostasis by —
A stabilizing the plant’s temperature through the evaporation of water
B regulating the amount of water the plant loses during transpiration
C allowing oxygen needed for photosynthesis to enter the plant
D enabling the plant to release more carbon dioxide at night for photosynthesis
copyright cmassengale