1. Accommodations for Students with Blindness and Visual Impairment Chapter 5 David Goh

2. Definitions and Types Partially sighted- visual acuity b/w 20/70 and 20/200 Blind- unable to see; use touch and hearing to assess environment Legal blindness/ low vision- visual acuity 20/200 or worse Functional vision- refers to the amount of usable vision

3. Causes Disease- cataracts, glaucoma, prematurity Trauma and injury Refractive errors *** Causes are interesting, but teachers should focus on the amount of vision a student has

4. Characteristics Spatial impact and concepts (left and right and up and down) Travel and independent mobility Speech- may ask questions and to repeat for clarity Motor development (hand/eye coordination; writing) Social development

5. Prevalence According to the American Printing House for the Blind- 55,000 students or less than 1% of student population –Approximately half have other disabilities –25% are visual readers (large print) –10% Braille readers –Remaining non-readers or pre-readers b/c of age or disability status

6. Identification Red rimmed, swollen, crusted eyes Excessive blinking Itchy eyes Tearing Eyes turning Sensitivity to light Squinting or closing one eye Headaches and fatigue Tripping and bumping into things Recurring styes

7. If you Suspect a Problem Refer to the school nurse Ophthalmologist or optometrists Special Ed. Teacher will help to assess level of functional visions and compensatory skills and help identify sensory channels

8. Instructional Guidelines Using Braille and related devices Orientation and mobility skills training Optical and non-optical instructional aids –Large print, magnifying devices, lamps, bold line paper, color acetate, hats and visors, raised line paper, measurement tools

9. Need for Testing Accommodations Most tests have not developed, standardized or adopted for visual impairments Tests must be modified in terms of presentation and response format Students who are blind at birth have limited concept development and reduced descriptive terminology, and trouble with special concepts

10. Methods of Accommodations Setting- –Separate location, lighting, avoid sound distractions Timing and Scheduling –Increase time, rapport with tester, students who are blind tend to work slower, fatigue and pacing Presentation –Magnification, large print, Braille, increase spacing, reduced number of questions, oral exam, simplify directions, repeat directions, assistive technology Response –Verbal and or Braille conversions, circle or underlined response

11. What Research Says About Accommodations Few published studies that report benefits General consensus that these students need an equal playing field when being assessed Specific accommodations will vary based of student capability and the nature to the disability

12. Overall Recommendations Interpretation of results of high stake test should be based on multiple sources Get input of medical profession, family members, related service providers and teachers Responsibility of multidisciplinary team to be sensitive of individual student characteristics that impact learning Assessor needs to offer patience and encouragement Use assistive technology Student should have previous exposure to testing conditions. Give student direct instruction in general on test taking strategies to enhance overall performance