1. Sensation & Perception Q1 Sensation is ….. Requires coordination between receptors, neural pathways, sensory processing in the brain Perception is …… Psychophysics is

2. Q2 - Processing Top-down… Bottom-up … Parallel/ serial ….

3. Thresholds Q3 Absolute threshold - the intensity level at which a stimulus can be. …. Subliminal stimulation … Priming …..

4. Signal detection theory – Q4 Predicts …. Thresholds will … Tries to show why people respond …

5. Q4 Difference threshold - the minimum change … This may vary depending on health, stress, etc Weber’s Law Why can’t you buy 63 watt light bulbs?

6. Adaptation, habituation Q6 Sensory adaptation - decline in receptor activity … (it’s also true that your brain filters out sensory info you don’t need - reticular formation) Habituation - weakening of a …..

7. Parts of the eye – Q7 Cornea Iris Pupil Lens Retina Rods - 120 million - edge - fewer bipolars Cones - 6 million at fovea - indiv bipolars Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Optic nerve --- blind spot

8. Transduction Q8 Transduction is ….. The electromagnetic spectrum … Q9 - Frequency / amplitude – intensity/hue

9. Q10 - Near and Far Near-sightedness Far-sightedness

10. From the optic nerve to the brain Optic nerve Crossover - Sensory switch….. Visual ….

11. Visual fields

12. Optical chiasm - Q11

13. Color and detail - feature detection Only the cones respond to color Low ratio of cones to bipolar increases detail Q12 -Feature detection - individual neurons in visual cortex respond … Other neurons integrate features - face recognition

14. Low light Cones do not work in low light - no color vision Rods have higher ratio of rods to bipolar cells - aids in concentrating response to low light

15. Color vision Q13 - Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory RGB …. Q14 - Color-blindness …

16. Q15 Additive color mixing … Subtractive color mixing …

17. Opponent process theory – Q15 See afterimage graphic Neuron pairs …… Some neurons turn on ….. When you stare at a green image for a while …

18. Color constancy – Q16 Why can you distinguish colors when wearing sunglasses?

19. A little physics - Q17 Sound is waves of air striking our ears Height of waves = amplitude = Length of waves = frequency = Complexity = Decibel scale measures loudness Log scale: 20 = 10 x 10 30 = 10 x20 30 = 100 x 10 WHY?

20. Parts of the ear Q18 See the diagram

21. Perceiving pitch - Q19 Helmholtz’s place theory - different sound waves stimulate hair cells … This works for higher pitched sounds

22. Low pitched sounds – Q19 Frequency theory says the entire basilar membrane… The brain interprets this as pitch. Works for low pitched sounds

23. Perceiving pitch Some combination of place and frequency theory works for all sounds

24. Locating sound – Q20 Just as two eyes help us locate objects with our vision … Sounds strike each ear at different … Differences are extremely small

25. Hearing loss – Q21 Sensorineural … Conduction hearing loss … Implants

26. Touch – Q22 The four senses of touch … Are they distinct?

27. Pain – Q23 Pain is …… Gate control theory says …

28. Taste – Q24 The 5 tastes are …. Are there really 5 tastes? Other influences on what we taste …

29. Smell – Q25 Smell is different … Processing smells ….

30. Body position – Q26 Kinesthesis …. Vestibular sense … Vestibular sacs and semicircular canals contain fluid and hair cells that react when we move. Hair cells send message to brain

31. Review Light energy transduced in retina - rods, cones – sent to bipolar cells, ganglions to optic nerve to visual field crossover at optic chiasm to thalamus for more color processing to visual cortex for feature detection to temporal and frontal lobes for integration which is influenced by context, assumptions and expectations

32. Selective attention – Q27 An animated Necker cube Cocktail party effect Inattentional blindness – http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/ 15.php

33. Muller-Lyer Q28

34. Organization Q29 Gestalt principles of perception Gestalt therapy

35. Figure and ground

36. Grouping Proximity Similarity Continuity

37. Grouping Connectedness Closure

38. Depth perception Q30 Innate ability - Gibson & visual cliff http://www.vimeo.com/77934 Q31 Binocular cues –Retinal … –Conver…

39. Depth perception Q32 Monocular cues –Relative size –Interposition –Relative clarity

40. Monocular cues –Texture gradient –Relative height –Relative motion –Light / shadow

41. Constancies & Other Stuff Q33 Phi phenomenon Q34 Size - distance relationship Size / shape constancy Lightness constancy

42. Set, expectancy Q35 – Perceptual set Context Expectancy

43. Your opinion Which of these American minority groups should be admired most? Choose one. Latino Native American African-American