1. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Phylum Euglenophyta/zoa
Euglenoids
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Euglenophyta/zoa

2. The Organism as a Unit of Life
Looking Back at Bio 115
The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

3. Multicellular Animals
Shifting Kingdoms
Lumpers
Splitters
Plantae
Protista 2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals

4. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 Extinct 2 Long Time with 1
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Protozoans
Chrysophytes
Brown Algae
Red algae
Green Algae
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Slime Molds
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
True Fungi
Bacteria
Euglenoids 8 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

5. Euglenozoa Flagellated protists which can be photosynthetic
Odd features
Protein pellicle instead of cell wall
Odd mitochondria (discoid cristae)
Chromosomes condensed during interphase
400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)
Two sub-phyla:
Kinetoplasta (Trypanosoma gambiense) sleeping sickness
Euglenoida (Euglena) photosynthetic, chlorophyll a,b, paramylum

6. Trypanosoma gambiense
Trypanosoma gambiense
Blood-borne parasite
Nucleus
Flagellated undulating cell
Flagellum
Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hosts
Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness

7. Euglena gracilis Posterior extension Mitochondrion Pyrenoid Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Paramylon grain
Protein pellicle
(striations)
Contractile vacuole
Eyespot
Anterior invagination
With internal short flagellum
Long flagellum rooted here also
(not shown)

8. How Many Kingdoms? Extant Euglenoid mitochondria are unique!
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Chlorophyte
algal
endosymbiosis
Euglenoid mitochondria are unique!
Eukaryotes ARE Chimeras!
Cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis
For euglenoids, the chloroplast is a secondary endosymbiosis.
Extinct
Eubacterium
endosymbiosis
Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events!
Original Cell

9. Scarcodine and Actinopod Protozoans
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Sarcodina

10. Amoeba proteus A freshwater amoeboid protist
Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga
Amoeba proteus
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuole
The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis, but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Pseudopodia
Marine relatives, the foraminifera, secrete calcareous shells, contributing to reefs and sands.

11. Arcella gibbosa Freshwater amoeboid protist Chitinous test
Hyaline connections to the cell
Food vacuoles obvious
Some have two or more nuclei
Pseudopodia protrude from the test
Feeding here upon green algae

12. Orbulina universa, or Globigerina bulloides
A living foraminiferan demonstrates its many and delicate pseudopodia
In addition to capturing food items, the foram also receives nutrients from its endosymbionts

13. Actinosphaerium eichhorni
This organism is an actinopod.
Its axipods are stiff projections rather than delicate pseudopodia.
The axipods are stiffened primarily by silicates taken from the water.
It is related to many radiolarians which are known only from their tests fossilized in silicate deposits.