1. Tide Variations Sun full moon new moon Earth
Spring tide: lunar and solar tides add together
…so highs very high, lows very low
Neap tide: lunar and solar tides opposite, thus no additive effect
…so highs close to lows
Sun
first quarter moon
third quarter moon
Earth
Note: tides exaggerated!
distance to sun underestimated!
diagram not to scale!

2. Exaggerating Depths
The thickness of this black line is 2 times the depth of the Mariana Trench and would also easily contain Mount Everest…more than all of the surface relief of the Earth!
Earth Diameter: 12,756 km
Mount Everest: km
Average Ocean Depth: Pacific km
Atlantic 3.926
Indian 3.963
Arctic 1.205
In fact, the black line would encompass both the depth of the Mariana Trench and also the Troposphere above it!
Maximum Ocean Depth: Pacific km
Atlantic 9.219
Indian 7.455
Arctic 5.625
Atmosphere: 75% found in
Troposphere km
Moon
3, 478 km
Line Thickness: km
distance from Earth: 103 moon diameters!

3. Tidal Zones Littoral Zone Supralittoral Zone Infralittoral Zone Splash
Supralittoral Fringe
Extreme High Water
Extremes at Spring Tides
Mean High Water
Littoral Zone
Midlittoral Zone
Because San Salvador is located near the equator, the Littoral Zone may be quite thin, so wave height may be more important to organisms in the Littoral and Supralittoral Fringe
Mean Low Water
Infralittoral Fringe
Extreme Low Water
Infralittoral Zone
Limestone Marine Rock or Sloped Sandy Bottom

4. Tide Table May-June 2005 spring neap
This tide table is provided from irbs.com/tides/calendar/month/4962.html?y=2005&m=5&d=22
San Salvador (Watling Island), Bahamas 24.05° N, 74.55° W
All tides in ft relative to an index level…All times are EDT
Tide Table May-June 2005
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 22 23
1:59A L 0.77
6:12A Sunrise
7:58A H 3.08
1:46P L 0.75
7:37P Sunset
8:18P H 3.82
Full Moon 24
2:48A L 0.71
6:11A Sunrise
8:46A H 3.09
2:34P L 0.70
7:38P Sunset
9:06P H 3.84 25
3:37A L 0.69
9:36A H 3.09
3:25P L 0.68
9:57P H 3.80 26
4:28A L 0.71
10:28A H 3.06
4:18P L 0.71
7:39P Sunset
10:51P H 3.70 27
5:21A L 0.75
11:24A H 3.04
5:16P L 0.78
11:49P H 3.55 28
6:10A Sunrise
6:16A L 0.80
12:25P H 3.04
6:19P L 0.87
7:40P Sunset 29
12:49A H 3.38
7:13A L 0.84
1:29P H 3.06
7:28P L 0.94 30
1:54A H 3.22
8:11A L 0.86
2:34P H 3.13
7:41P Sunset
8:40P L 0.97
Last Quarter 31
2:59A H 3.08
9:09A L 0.86
3:37P H 3.24
9:50P L 0.95 1
4:02A H 2.99
10:04A L 0.85
4:37P H 3.36
7:42P Sunset
10:56P L 0.90 2
5:00A H 2.93
10:56A L 0.84
5:31P H 3.46
11:54P L 0.84 3 4
2.31
2.38
2.40
2.35
2.29
2.24
2.22
2.27
2.51
2.62
Tidal Flux H-L
spring
spring-neap
=0.4 ft
= 4.8 in
neap
Comment: May-June Water Temperature 77-80°F = °C
Shallow near-shore water may be warmer!

5. Oceanic Island Ecology
Ecology: study of organisms in environment

6. Where We Are… Oceanic Island Forms Provides Rich Habitat Diversity
Has Climate and Environmental Factors
Now we need the Organisms!

7. Trophic Pyramid 3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
Numbers
Biomass
Energy
1° Consumer
Herbivore
Producer
Photosynthesis

8. Show Green Reefs Movie Here

9. Critical Thinking About This Video
The theme was: the reef is green because of overfishing.
Science decisions are based on objective evidence.
What was the evidence for “greening”? Did you see green?
What fish were you shown swimming on the reef?
Dr. Booth has visited San Salvador over some 30 years… what did he tell you about groupers? what did he tell you about long-spined sea urchin numbers?
What did you NOT see in this video that you should have seen if over-fishing were a problem?
Are there other explanations for lack of herbivores?
Are there other explanations for algal overgrowth?
Are we fertilizing the algae?
What else is in the fertilizer?
The very contagious white pox coral disease is caused by Serratia marcescens found in human feces.
Is the problem on San Salvador really overfishing or something more complex?

10. Trophic Pyramid 3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
Numbers
Biomass
Energy
1° Consumer
Herbivore
Producer
Photosynthesis
from?

11. Trophic Funnel! Energy Biomass Numbers Producer Photosynthesis
1° Consumer
Herbivore
2nd Law of
Thermodynamics
2° Consumer
Carnivore
So this is a leaky funnel!
3° Consumer - Carnivore
feeding on Carnivores

12. Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O chlorophyll Light Energy
carbon dioxide + water
oxygen + carbohydrate
Food for
Consumers!
Primary Producers:
Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria

13. Trophic Calendar! Colonize and Establish Large Population
Food Supply for Ecosystem
Habitats for Others
Time
Producer
Photosynthesis
Population of
Generalists
1° Consumer
Herbivore
Small Pop
2° Consumer
Carnivore
3° Consumer - Carnivore
feeding on Carnivores

14. The Forest Cross-Country Meet!
This game is a cross-country race in a forest
All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance
The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest
Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish
There are many trails through the woods
Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks
Trails never join together or rejoin after forking
Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations
At each check-in station, a worker has a unique stamp
Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station
Runners are not allowed to retrace a path
All runners must finish the race
Using the punch cards handed in at the finish line:
Sketch the trail map
Show all station locations (on the straightaways)
Mark the exit used by each runner
Liberally dapted from: David W. Goldsmith The great clade race: presenting cladistic thinking to biology majors and general science students. The American Biology Teacher 65:

15. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val x          

16. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

17. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
All of the runners passed the circle station, so this station must be near the start 
Start

18. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

19. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Five of the runners passed the teardrop station, but three did not, so our 8 runners must have divided into two groups
Bob, Deb, Cal
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val  
Start

20. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

21. Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
The Forest Meet
Sharing our Results
Hal
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Because paths do not rejoin, Hal is separated and thus we can draw him at the finish line
Four runners of the group of five passed the diamond station, but Hal did not, so he split away before this station
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val   
Start

22. The Forest Meet Bob Cal Deb Hal Jen Lou Sue Val         
Notice the runners are in alphabetical order. But this is not the only solution
All branches can be rotated:
e.g.: Lou before Jen
Sue-Val before Jen-Lou   
Start

23. Congratulations! Translating the Forest Meet to Evolution on an Island
The forest represents the time-space continuum on the island
Time is shown by the runners moving from south to north
The entrance represents an arrival of a pioneer colonizer on-island
The north finish line represents the present time
The names at the finish line represent extant organisms on-island
The meet cards represent the phenotypes of extant organisms
The stamp marks are the genotype changes leading to phenotype
The branching trails show adaptive radiation (speciation) pathways
The shared marks are the synapomorphies (shared derived traits) you used to determine the evolutionary pathways
You carried out a cladistic analysis…
intuitively very little help from me.
Congratulations!

24. The Clade Race! This game is a cross-country race in a forest
All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance
The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest
Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish
There are many trails through the woods
Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks
Trails never join together or rejoin after forking
Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations
At each check-in station, a worker has a unique stamp
Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station
Runners are not allowed to retrace a path
All runners must finish the race
Using the punch cards handed in at the finish line:
Sketch the trail map
Show all station locations (on the straightaways)
Mark the exit used by each runner
1. This game represents the evolution of some related organisms
2. The organisms are believed to be a clade (w/common ancestor)
3. The organisms we are using are all extant (none are fossils)
4. We make no assumptions about possible phenotypes observed
5. We make few assumptions about the evolution pathway
• Cladogenesis divides one species into two species
• We assume there is no convergent or parallel evolution
6. Anagenesis is expected to occur between generations
7. Evolution shows its record of changes in the genotype
8. The record of evolution in genotype is shown in the phenotype
9. Evolution is permanent; we assume no reversals of states
10. In this study, we are using no fossils of extinct clade members
11. Using the phenotypes observed in the extant organisms:
• Sketch the cladogram
• Show the location of character state transitions
• Show the relationships among the taxa

25. How do you DO cladistics?
Look at a group of organisms that you think are related
Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group
Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms
Polarize the character states by:
Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)
Outgroup comparison
Build a data matrix
Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)
Sketch possible cladograms
Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram