1. Phylogenetics Chapter 26

2. Slide 2 of 17 Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny  Ontogeny – development from embryo to adult  Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species or group of species  Taxonomy – ordered classification of organisms based on a set of characteristics  Systematics – classification of organisms by their evolutionary relationships  Basis of phylogeny

3. Slide 3 of 17 Binomial Nomenclature  Each species is assigned a 2-word name  Developed by C. Linnaeus  First word is the genus & second word is species  Example: Canis familiaris  Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)

4. Slide 4 of 17 Phylogenetic Trees

5. Slide 5 of 17 Homologous Structures  How do we determine phylogenetic relationships?  Morphological similarities due to common ancestry  Insert diagram of homologous structures

6. Slide 6 of 17 Analogous Structures  Similarities that are NOT due to common ancestry  Indicate similar solutions to a common problem  Usually due to convergent evolution  When 2 organisms develop similarities as they adapted to similar environmental challenges

7. Slide 7 of 17 Molecular Systematics  DNA or other molecular characteristics are used to determine evolutionary relationships  More similar DNA sequences, closer their evolutionary relationship  Ribosomal RNA is used for investigating distant relationships (hundreds of millions of years ago)  Mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly  Used for investigating recent evolutionary trends

8. Slide 8 of 17 Cladograms  Visually depicts a phylogenetic tree between groups  Highlights the patterns of shared characteristics  Homologous characteristics or molecular similarities  Clade  Group of species that include an ancestral species and all of its descendents

9. Slide 9 of 17

10. Slide 10 of 17 7 Levels of Order  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species

11. Slide 11 of 17 Kingdoms or Domains  Old taxonomy  Kingdoms –  **Monera – Bacteria  Protista  Fungi  Animalia  Plantae

12. Slide 12 of 17

13. Slide 13 of 17 Domains (Kingdoms)  In this model, K. Monera is split into 2 kingdoms  K. Monera is separated into:  Domain Archaebacteria  Domain Eubacteria  Other Domain: Eukarya  Consists of K. Fungi, K. Plantae, K. Animalia  Also, much of K. Protista has been classified into 1 of the other 3 kingdoms  What are the other 3 kingdoms called?

14. Slide 14 of 17 Prokaryotic Domains 1. Archea  Extremeophiles  Halophiles  Thermophiles  Methanogens 2. Bacteria (Eubacteria)  Proteobacteria  Gram-Positive  Chlamydia  Cyanobacteria  Spirochetes

15. Slide 15 of 17 Domain Eukarya  Eukaryotes  Superkingdom - incorporates 4 of the kingdoms from the kingdom model  Protista  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia

16. Slide 16 of 17 3 Domains Compared FeatureArchaeBacteriaEukarya Membrane-bound organelles Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls Introns Antibiotic Sensitivity

17. Slide 17 of 17 Questions  In the Kingdom classification, how many kingdoms are there?  What are the names of the Kingdoms?  In the Domain classification, how many Domains are there and what are they?