1. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Phylum Archaezoa
Archezoa
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Archaezoa

2. The Organism as a Unit of Life
Looking Back at Bio 115
The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

3. Multicellular Animals
Shifting Kingdoms
Lumpers
Splitters
Animalia
Protista 2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals

4. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

5. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Protista
refined 8
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

6. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Still needs refining! Protista appears 5 3
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Protista
refined 8
Still needs refining!
Protista appears 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

7. How Many Kingdoms? Extant Eukaryotes ARE Chimeras! Extinct
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eukaryotes ARE Chimeras!
Cyanobacterium
endosymbiosis
Extinct
Eubacterium
endosymbiosis
Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events!
Original Cell

8. Archezoans “Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi”
Oldest nucleated cells
Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp… prior to ER and Golgi evolution
Lack peroxisomes
Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S
400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!)
Three phyla:
Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa)
Metamonada (Giardia)
Microsporidia

9. Pelomyxa palustris Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria
Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic)
Phagocytosis active
Uroid
Accumulate glycogen reserves
At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons!
Glycogen body
Anterior uroid (macropseudopodium) for amoeboid movement
Vacuoles
Smaller pseudopodia do not enlarge

10. Reproduction: Mitosis of nucleus Cytokinesis by furrowing Nuclei
“Daughter” Amoeba
What would you suggest has been a large component of this individual’s phagocytosis diet?

11. Giardia lamblia Diplomonad intestinal parasite
2 nuclei in anterior of cell
Motility
2 anterior flagella
4 ventral flagella
2 posterior flagella
Ventral disc ridges provide adhesion to host

12. Giardia lamblia
Parasite cyst in feces of beaver released into watershed
Humans ingest water… cyst grows into trophozoite (shown)… parasite attaches to intestinal wall
Parasite proliferates and, as digestion continues, are torn from lining leading to bloody diarrhea

13. Giardia lamblia
Parasite cyst showing environmentally-stable wall of cyst, ectoplasm, endoplasm with 2 of 4 nuclei
Trophozoites in various planes of section showing nuclei, flagellae, etc.
Adhesive disc from ventral surface of trophozoite.

14. Nosema locustae
Microsporidian parasite of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets
Used as a form of biological control

15. Nosema algerae Microsporidian parasite of mosquitoes Wet Mount
Scanning EM
Transmission EM

16. Nosema apis Microsporidian parasite of honeybees
Swollen intestinal system, loss of banding patterns
Diarrhea, winterkill
Nosema apis
Control by Fumagillin-B from
Aspergillus fumigatus