1. Multicellular Animals
Shifting Kingdoms
Lumpers
Splitters 2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals

2. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 Extinct 2 Long Time with 1
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria 8 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

3. How Long Ago? Extant 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
0.5
Land!
Plants 1
Multicellular 2
First Eukaryotes
Extinct 3
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
4 BYBP
Origin of Life
Original Cell

4. Evidence Categories History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently
Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc.
Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss
Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc.
Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny
Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia

5. How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics
Inferences from comparison of extant organisms
Characters-Attributes of the organism
Anatomy
Morphology
Development
Physiology
Macromolecule Sequences
Polarizing Character States
Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants
Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms
Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup