1. How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 Extinct 2 Long Time with 1
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Multicellular Animals
Protozoans
Green Algae
Bryophytes
Slime Molds
Myxozoans
True Fungi
Bacteria
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Brown Algae
Red algae
Tracheophytes 8 5 3
Extinct 2 1
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
Original Cell

2. The Organism as a Unit of Life
Looking Back at Bio 115
The Organism as a Unit of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many!
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

3. Animal Features Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Ingestion
Collagen Protein Connections
Nerve and Muscle Tissues
Diplontic (Gametic) Life History
Gametes Oogamous with Flagellated Sperm
Zygote to Blastula, perhaps Gastrulation
Larval metamorphosis into Adult
Ontogeny Recapitulating Phylogeny

4. Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist similar to the choanoflagellates
flagellum
One step in this evolution is to become colonial. Here are the choanocytes of one of the simplest of sponges. Basically the most primitive animals.
collar
cell body
Of course the other required step is to eliminate the chloroplasts of the choanoflagellate (Chrysophyta!).

5. Development or Evolution? cleavage
zygote
morula
animal pole
vegetal pole
blastula
blastocoel
ectoderm
endoderm
blastopore
archenteron
blastopore
2-layered acoelomate body plan
remnant of blastocoel

6. Origin of Mesoderm Cnidarians Protostome Phyla Deuterostome Phyla
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Origin of Mesoderm
Cnidarians
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Protostome Phyla
blastocoel
archenteron
Deuterostome Phyla
(except vertebrates)
blastopore
mouth
mouth
anus

7. Evolution of Body Organization
Sponge, Cnidarian
spongocoel
Planarian
gastrovascular
cavity
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Nematode
pseudocoelom
2-layered
3-layered
digestive tract
Acoelomate
Annelid
coelom
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate

8. The Animal Clade Extant
Platyhelminthes
acoelomates
Arthropoda
Annelida
Mollusca
protostomia
Nematoda
Rotifera
pseudo-coelomates
Hemichordata
Echinodermata
Porifera
parazoa
Cnidaria
Chordata
deuterostomia
coelomates
radiata
This cladogram omits several smaller animal phyla!
bilateria
eumetazoa (true tissues)
loss of chloroplast, colonial organization
Ancestral Choanoflagellate