1. Review of Flower Formula:
Crassula argentea - the jade plant

2. What is the flower formula?
Ranunculus - buttercup
Review:
What is the flower formula?

3. What is the flower formula for this plant?
Lilium tigrinum - tiger lily
What is the flower formula for this plant?
The strange lateral buds are called bulbils. These are shed as a means of vegetative propagation

4. Adaptations for Pollination
Attraction
Visual Cues: Color, Shape, Size
Olfactory Cues: Scent, Odor
Reward
Nectar: Sucrose, Water, Amino Acids
Pollen: Vitamins, Minerals, Protein
Behavior: Recreational Motivation!

5. Attraction: Visual Bull’s Eye
Hemerocallis - day lily
Rudbeckia hirta - black-eyed Susan

6. Black and White Image - minus red
Gaillardia grandiflora - Indian blanket flower
Standard Black and White Image = all colors
Black and White Image - UV only

7. Nectar
Guides
Nice scent too!

8. Osmophores: release scent as alternate attractant
Sometimes the scent is the reward…
A behavioral reward!

9. Ophrys insectifera with pollinator Argogorytes mystaceus
Ophrys insectifera with pollinator Argogorytes mystaceus
Bergstrm, G. (1978) Role of volatile chemicals in Ophrys-pollinator interactions In Biochemical Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution (J. B. Harborne, ed.), Academic Press, London.

10. Beetles as pollinators: lousy flight accuracy, heavy feeding
Target is large
Alternate entry
Heavy flower parts
Pollen load is heavy
Fantasy Island… Or
Nightmare Island?

11. Perching Birds
Same Sequence
Stiff-Leaf Perches!
Hovering Birds and Sequence!

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

13. Asclepias - Milkweed and Monarchs

14. Kalmia - mountain laurel

15. Nectar spur: a pouch containing phloem exudate

16. Darwin described an orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale from Madagascar with an 11.5-inch nectar spur!
He predicted that there would be a pollinating animal with 11.5-in mouthparts to drink the nectar, but never found the animal.
Much later (1903), Xanthopan morgani predicta, its pollinator was found with an 11.5-inch siphon!

17. Wind Pollination: Corn (Zea mays)

18. Male flowers in the tassel
Huge numbers of small, dry pollen grains, shed from high on plant. Perianth small, greenish, no nectar

19. Female flowers in ear
Long, sticky, hairy stigmas = silk

20. Ross’ Rogues Gallery
Flowers that Horticulture has turned into what I consider to be hideous monsters!

21. Dianthus caryophyllus - carnation

22. Rosa floribunda - rose

23. Malus domestica - apple

24. Gaillardia grandiflora -
Indian blanket flower

25. Hemerocallis - daylily