1. Hyponatremia – – Diarrhea – – Drinking Effects: – Movement of water into cells, swelling –

2. Hypernatremia Causes: – High fever – Diabetes insipidus Effects: –

3. Hypokalemia Causes: – – Diuretic drugs – Prolonged vomiting, diarrhea Effects: – Muscular weakness, paralysis, _

4. Hyperkalemia Causes: – Renal disease, drugs, __________________________________ (Addison’s Disease) Effects –

5. Acid Base Balance Acids: – Bases: – Balance: regulation of the _

6. Sources of H + As _ 1. – Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid which ionizes to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions CO 2 + H 2 0  H 2 C0 3  H + + HCO3 -

7. Sources of H + 2. – Glucose in anaerobic respiration produces _______________________ which adds H + 3. Incomplete oxidation of _ – Produces ____________________________ which increase H+ concentration 4. Oxidation of a.a. containing _ – Produces H 2 SO 4  which releases H + ions

8. Sources of H + 5. ______________________ of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids – These substances contain phosphorus which lends itself to _________________________ which can release H +

9. Regulation Acid/base regulation is essential because a shift towards more acid or more base can threaten the internal environment – Which is why we have

10. Acid Base buffer systems Bicarbonate buffer system Present in both IC fluids and EC fluids Involves _ Involves carbonic acid _ – If there is ___________________ in system: H + will add to bicarbonate ion H + + HCO 3 -  H 2 CO 3

11. Bicarbonate Buffer system If there is not enough H + in system – Carbonic acid _ H 2 CO 3  H + + HCO3 -

12. Phosphate buffer system Present in IC and EC fluids More important in _ Contains H 2 PO 4 - And HPO 4 2-

13. Phosphate Buffer system If _ – Monohydrogen phosphate acts as weak base and _______________________________ to form dihydrogen phosphate H + HPO 4 –2  H 2 PO 4 – If conditions are too basic: – Dihydrogen phosphate will _ H 2 PO 4 -  H + HPO 4 -2

14. Protein Buffer system Uses _ Review Ch 2 for protein structure and chemistry Some proteins have a carboxyl group –COOH that _________________________ when too alkaline Or, if conditions are too acidic, the COO - can _

15. Protein Buffer system Amino acids also have amino groups: --NH 2 – If conditions become too acidic: The ________________________ will accept a H + --NH 2 + H +  --NH 3 + – If conditions become too basic: NH 3 can give up a H + if there is an OH - group to accept it

16. Respiratory Excretion of CO 2 Previous buffer systems good for ______________________________ …but presence of excess acid or base needs to be more completely remedied. ______________________________ will affect more permanent changes

17. Respiratory Excretion of CO 2 Respiratory center in brain stem – Controls _ During exercise: – If body cells __________________________ production  – Increases ________________________H 2 CO 3 – Carbonic acid dissociates and _ – the pH starts to drop

18. Respiratory Excretion of CO 2 Increase in H + and increase in CO 2 _ Response: – increase ___________________ of breathing – Increase ___________________ of breathing Result: _

19. Respiratory Excretion of CO 2 During rest: Concentrations of CO 2 and H + _ Breathing rate and depth falls Decreased respirations allows _ Returns pH to normal

20. Respiratory Excretion of CO 2 Increased H + More acidic – Decreased H + More basic –

21. Renal excretion of H + ions Nephrons __________________________ into the urine Kidney also regulates concentration of _

22. Renal excretion of H + ions Metabolism can result in acid formation – Amino acids when metabolized can result in Kidneys will secrete _

23. Renal excretion of H + So, why if the body secretes H + into the renal tubules doesn’t the urine have a low pH? – Some of the same buffering systems _ Phosphate buffer system Ammonia: NH 3 + H +  NH 4 + – Prevents urine from becoming acidic

24. Rates of regulation Acid base buffers: – Can convert strong acids and bases to _ – Considered _____________________________________ for pH shifts Respiratory systems __________________ and renal __________________ and function more slowly –

25. Effects of pH changes Acidosis: – Increased _ Depressed neuron activity Decrease in consciousness Alkalosis – Increased _ Neurons become excitable

26. Acidosis Results from an ______________________ or _ Respiratory acidosis – Accumulation of _ – Decreased ventilation Injury to _ Obstruction in air passages Pneumonia, emphysema

27. Respiratory acidosis As the H+ increases in the acidosis, the breathing rate will _ As the body returns to normal, the acidosis is _

28. Respiratory acidosis Symptoms – – Stupor – Labored breathing – If it remains uncompensated: _

29. Metabolic acidosis Due to ___________________________ (not related to respiration) or _ Contributing conditions: – – Prolonged vomiting (including contents of small intestine) – Prolonged _ – Diabetes mellitus (fatty acids converted into ketone bodies)

30. Respiratory alkalosis Hyperventilation: blows off _ – Anxiety – Fever – Salicylate poisoning (aspirin)

31. Respiratory alkalosis Body’s response: – – Kidneys _ – Kidneys increase _ Symptoms – Light-headedness – Agitation – Dizziness – Muscle tetany if severe

32. Metabolic alkalosis Results from a _ Increase in bases – – Prolonged vomiting _ – Diuretic drugs – Too much _

33. Metabolic alkalosis Will result in a _ – Allows CO 2 and H + to recuperate