1. HUN 4296 Nutrition & Health Issues Week 3 Day 1 Vitamins Chp 7 Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney Chp 7 Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Definition and Classification of Vitamins  Vitamin  Essential, noncaloric, organic  Role of vitamins  Vitamin precursors  Classes  Absorption  Roles

4. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins  A, D, E, and K  Food sources  Storage  Toxicity  Deficiency  Roles within the body

5. Vitamin A  Precursor  Beta-carotene  Active forms in the body  Retinol  Retinal  Retinoic acid  Food sources

6. Vitamin A – Roles and Deficiency  Gene regulation  Retinoic acid  Eyesight  Process of light perception  Maintenance of healthy cornea  Rhodopsin molecule

7. An Eye

8. Vitamin A – Roles and Deficiency  Night blindness  Deficiency  Xerophthalmia and blindness  Keratinization  Deficiency  Cell differentiation  Immune function  Growth

9. Vitamin A – Deficiency and Toxicity  Deficiency  Worldwide problem  Blindness  HIV  Toxicity  Symptoms  food sources  Liver

10. Vitamin A – Deficiency and Toxicity  Toxicity  Supplements  Higher risk groups  Recommendations  DRI recommendation based on body weight  Food sources  Animal origin  Liver  Plant origin

11. Vitamin A Deficiency and Toxicity

12. Vitamin A – Snapshot

13. Beta-Carotene  Plant-based foods  Colorful groups  Macular degeneration  Dietary antioxidant  Measuring beta-carotene  Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)  Toxicity  Food sources

14. Excess Beta-Carotene Symptom: Discoloration of the Skin

15. Vitamin D  Body can synthesize all it needs  Sunlight  Transformation  Liver and kidneys  Estimated deficiency prevalence

16. Vitamin D – Roles  Bone integrity  Hormone  Dangers with deficiency

17. Vitamin D – Too Little, Too Much  Deficiency  Rickets  Recommendations for prevention  Osteomalacia  Recommendations  Toxicity  Signs of toxicity

18. Rickets

19. Vitamin D  Ultraviolet B light rays  Cholesterol  Sunbathing risks  Sunscreen  Exposure times  Intake recommendations  Food sources

20. Factors Affecting Vitamin D Synthesis

21. Vitamin D - Snapshot

22. Vitamin E  Roles of vitamin E  Antioxidant  Deficiency  Symptoms  Toxicity  Dietary intake vs. supplemental intake  Recommendations  Food source

23. Free-Radical Damage and Antioxidant Protection

24. Vitamin E – Snapshot

25. Vitamin K  Roles  Blood clotting  Bone proteins  Deficiency  Toxicity  Jaundice  Requirements  Sources

26. Vitamin K – Snapshot

27. The Water-Soluble Vitamins  Dissolve in water  Absorption  Transport  Excretion  Sources  Food  Supplements

28. Vitamin C  Roles  Connective tissues  Collagen  Antioxidant  Protects iron  Prooxidant  Deficiency symptoms  Scurvy

29. Scurvy Symptoms – Gums and Skin

30. Vitamin C  Toxicity  Safe doses  Recommendations  Tobacco use  Physical stressors  Food sources  Destruction of vitamin C

31. Vitamin C – Snapshot

32. The B Vitamins in Unison  Function as part of coenzymes  Combines with enzyme to activate it  Coenzyme shape  Roles in metabolism  Help the body use the energy-yielding nutrients for energy  Cell multiplication

33. Coenzyme Action

34. Some Roles of the B Vitamins in Metabolism: Examples

35. The B Vitamins in Unison  Deficiencies  Every cell is affected  Symptoms  Rarely are isolated deficiencies

36. Thiamin  Energy metabolism of all cells  Nerve cell membranes  Deficiency  Beriberi  Alcohol abuse  DRI recommendation  Food sources

37. Thiamin Snapshot

38. Riboflavin  Role in energy metabolism of all cells  Deficiencies  Examples  Destruction of vitamin  UV light  Irradiation  Heat

39. Riboflavin Snapshot

40. Niacin  Participates in energy metabolism  Deficiency  Pellagra  Toxicity  Physician administration  “Niacin flush”

41. Niacin Snapshot

42. Folate  Helps synthesize DNA  Normal metabolism of several amino acids  Deficiency  Causes  Outcomes of deficiency  Anemia, diminished Immunity, abnormal digestive function  Cancer risk  Interaction with medications

43. Folate  Birth defects  Neural tube defects (NTD)  Toxicity  UL  Recommendations  Food sources of folate  Destruction of folate

44. Incidence of a Common NTD, Spina Bifida, Over Time

45. Folate Snapshot

46. Vitamin B 12  Closely related to folate  Helps maintain sheaths around nerve fibers  Deficiency  May be masked by folic acid intake  Pernicious anemia  Vitamin B 12 absorption  Intrinsic factor  Food sources

47. Vitamin B 12 Snapshot

48. Vitamin B 6  Roles  Participates in over 100 reactions  Additional roles  Deficiency  General symptoms  Toxicity  Intake recommendations  Food sources

49. Vitamin B 6 Snapshot

50. Biotin and Pantothenic Acid  Important for energy metabolism  Biotin  Cofactor for enzymes  Gene expression  No UL  Pantothenic acid  Key coenzyme

51. Non-B Vitamins  Choline  Nonvitamins  Carnitine  Inositol  Lipoic acid

52. Vitamin Supplements: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks? Controversy 7

53. Some Valid Reasons for Taking Supplements

54. Arguments Against Taking Supplements  Food rarely causes nutrient imbalances or toxicities  Toxicity  Supplement contamination  Lift-threatening misinformation  Unknown needs  False sense of security  Whole foods are best

55. Can Supplements Prevent Heart Disease or Cancer?  Oxidative stress  Vitamin C  Population studies  Animal studies  Cell studies  Intervention studies  Vitamin E  Beta-carotene

56. Supplements Safety and Risks  Safety  Food and Drug Association (FDA)  Risks  Dangers for your body

57. Selecting a Supplement  Choose type  Read labels  Target your needs  Choosing doses  Quality  Avoid marketing traps