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Section 5: The Social Impact of the War

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1 Section 5: The Social Impact of the War
Chapter 25 Section 5: The Social Impact of the War

2 African Americans Economic discrimination Employers requested “whites only” during the Depression June 25, 1941 FDR signed Executive Order 8802, opening jobs & job training programs in defense plants to ALL Americans

3 Also created the Fair Employment Practices Committee to hear complaints about job discrimination in defense industries & the government Committee had no real power March to protest was called off

4 African Americans shared in wartime prosperity
1940’s more than 2 million moved to the north to find new job opportunities, but encountered new problems Segregation Fear & resentment from whites Escalated into violence

5 Launched a “Double V” campaign
Divided Opinions 1942 poll: 6 of 10 whites thought African Americans were satisfied with existing conditions & needed no new opportunities Launched a “Double V” campaign Victory against the Axis Victory in winning equality

6 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Chicago 1942
Believed in using nonviolent techniques to end racism Sit ins

7 Mexican Americans The Bracero Program 1942 agreement between Mexico & the US that provided transportation, food, shelter, & medical care for thousands of braceros more than 200,000 worked on farms

8 Zoot Suit Riots Mexican Americans began to wear “zoot suits” (long draped jackets & baggy pants with tight cuffs) Often wore slicked back “ducktail” haircut Offended many people

9 Groups of sailors roamed the streets in search of zoot suiters & would beat & humiliate them for looking un-American June street fighting grew into full scale riots Newspapers usually blamed the Mexicans Army & Navy eventually intervened by restricting GI’s off duty access to LA

10 Native Americans 25,000 joined the armed forces Many migrated to urban centers to work in defense plants 23,000 worked in war industries

11 Japanese Americans Experienced strong racial prejudice after Pearl Harbor Hostility grew into hatred & hysteria

12 Japanese Internment Government decided to remove all “aliens” from the west coast Executive Order 9066 Authorized the Secretary of War to establish military zones on the west coast & remove “any or all persons” from such zones

13 Government set up the War Relocation Authority to move out everyone of Japanese ancestry
They would be interned in camps in remote areas far from the coast Many lost their businesses, farms, homes, & other assets

14 All camps were located in desolate areas
Families lived in wooden barracks covered with cots, blankets, & a light bulb Shared toilets, bathing & dining facilities Barbed wire surrounded the camps & armed guards patrolled the grounds

15 Legal Challenges 4 cases eventually reached the Supreme Court, which ruled that war time relocation was constitutional Korematsu v. US (1944)- ruled that the relocation policy was not based on race

16 1945- government allowed Japanese Americans to leave the camps
1988- Congress passed a law awarding each surviving Japanese American internee a tax free payment of $120,000

17 Japanese Americans in the Military
Refused to accept them until 1943 More than 17,000 fought More were Nisei

18 Working Women New Kinds of Job Before the war, most who worked were young & single Mainly as secretaries, sales clerks, servants, etc.

19 Except teaching & nursing few entered professional careers
Almost everywhere women earned less than men Number of working women rose by 1/3 Rosie the Riveter

20 Benefits & Problems of Employment
Gave them self confidence & economic independence Generally African American women worked in cooking, cleaning, child care, & other domestic jobs

21 When they applied for defense jobs, they were often prejudiced against
Some fought back through lawsuits percent of African American women in industrial jobs increased from 6.8% to 18%

22 Problems Hostile reactions from other workers Earned less pay Child care issues Had to rely on family & friends Also has household chores

23 After the War Assumed that when the war was over, women would leave their jobs & return home Many wanted to continue working

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