1. The Bill of Rights

2. First Amendment protects five freedoms:

3. Religion Religious persecution is one of the reasons the colonists went to America. prohibits the US government from establishing an official religion, favoring one or treating people differently because of it.

4. Speech As Americans we can say what is on our minds in public or private without fear of punishment by the government. Speech also means art, music and clothing

5. Press May express yourself in print Assures we are/can be exposed to other views Government cannot censor films or printed material because of offensive ideas

6. Assembly People can get together as a group so long as it is peaceful Government can make rules of location and time but cannot ban them

7. Petition Right to express your ideas to the government

8. Limitations to the First Amendment Cannot endanger anyone Cannot infringe on others’ rights Spreading lies can be considered to be either slander or libel – Slander- spoken – Libel- printed

9. Amendments 2-10 II Amendment: – Right to organized militia – Right to “keep and bear arms” III Amendment: – Neither an army nor militia can quarter your home without consent IV Amendment: – No unreasonable search and seizures – Must have a search warrant; must have evidence or reasonable doubt to receive one and the warrant comes from a judge.

10. V Amendment – Must have indictment or a formal charge by grand jury in order to be formally arrested – Cannot be tried twice for the same crime after being found not guilty (double jeopardy) – Cannot be denied life, liberty or property without a trial (due process) – Government must pay for property it takes; the right for it to be taken is eminent domain – You have the right not to incriminate yourself

11. VI Amendment: – Must be informed of all charges – Trial by jury – Speedy public trial – Accused has the right to hear questions and answers from witnesses – Trial is to be held in same place as crime – Can call own witnesses to testify in defense – Right to a lawyer; if you cannot afford one, a court appointed lawyer will take the case VII Amendment: – Right to a jury in a civil cases in amount exceeds $20 – Can have the case settled by a judge rather than with a jury (called a bench trial)

12. VIII Amendment: – Right to remain free while your case is not being heard (bail) – Sentencing cannot include cruel and unusual punishment IX Amendment: – Citizens have unwritten rights (example: privacy, confidentiality, right to choose) X Amendment: – Any powers in the Constitution not given to the national government are reserved to the states

13. Extending the Bill of Rights

14. Civil War Amendments XIII: officially outlawed slavery and forced labor XIV: enacted because Southern states enacted laws that restricted Blacks. – grants citizenship to any born or naturalized citizens – Gives equal protection under the law (due process) – States the government cannot deny a person life, liberty or property without due process XV: guaranteed voting rights to males and cannot discriminate against race

15. Other Amendments XVII: voters vote for senators directly XIX: woman’s right to vote (called women’s suffrage) XXIII: residents in DC can vote for president and vice president XXIV: poll taxes are illegal in national and state elections XXVI: after Vietnam War voting age was reduced from 21 to 18

16. The Civil Rights Struggle

17. Post Civil War African Americans faced heavy discrimination after the Civil War mostly through segregation 1909: NAACP formed- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People—work to challenge laws and customs that denied African Americans their constitutional rights 1910: National Urban League forms to help A.A to find jobs and opportunities

18. Civil Rights Movement 1954: Brown vs. Board of Education—NAACP lawyers argue racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional under 14 th Amendment 1950’s: Dr. MLK Jr. encouraged peaceful protests, led boycotts and demonstrations African Am. Students staged ‘sit-in’s’ at lunch counters that served only whites. The first one was held in Greensboro, NC at Woolworths Montgomery bus boycott—Rosa Parks 1963- MLK Jr. “I Have a Dream” inspired many to fight for racial equality. Some whites opposed with violence.

19. Civil Rights Movement continued 1964- Civil Rights Act—prohibits discrimination in public facilities, employment, education, voter registration by race, color, gender, religion, national origin 1970s—federal government begins affirmative action to encourage hiring/promoting minorities and women in work place and to admit to colleges The struggle for equal rights still continues mostly because of problems with racial profiling and hate crimes.